Abstract
Glass and ceramics use is widespread in producing micro-components. The production of micro-components necessitates the development of micromachining processes. Machining such non-conductive materials by traditional micromachining methods faces some machinability challenges. Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) has emerged as an inexpensive and potential micromachining method for such non-conductive materials. It overcomes limitations and caters to the benefits of both constituent processes, i.e., electric discharge machining and electrochemical machining. The controlling of gas film formation and discharge activity are major limitations in universal industrial acceptance of this technique. Researchers have carried out numerous experimental and simulation studies to explore the physics behind the process. In view of appraising research carried out during the last two decades, the present work identifies various process parameters that affect process performance. This article reports a comprehensive review of their effect on response characteristics of the electrochemical discharge machining process. A detailed cause-and-effect diagram of process parameters and response characteristics with a typical ECDM setup is also introduced in this article.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Gao S, Huang H (2017) Recent advances in micro- and nano-machining technologies. Front Mech Eng 12:18–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-017-0410-9
Essa K, Modica F, Imbaby M et al (2017) Manufacturing of metallic micro-components using hybrid soft lithography and micro-electrical discharge machining. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 91:445–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9655-4
Kumar N, Mandal N, Das AK (2020) Micro-machining through electrochemical discharge processes: a review. Mater Manuf Process 35:363–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2020.1711922
Ghosh A (1997) Electrochemical discharge machining: principle and possibilities. Sadhana—Acad Proc Eng Sci 22:435–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02744482
Jain VK, Choudhury SK, Ramesh KM (2002) On the machining of alumina and glass. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 42:1269–1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00241-0
Gupta PK, Dvivedi A, Kumar P (2016) Effect of pulse duration on quality characteristics of blind hole drilled in glass by ECDM. Mater Manuf Process 31:1740–1748. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2015.1103857
McGeough JA, Khayry ABM, Munro W, Crookall JR (1983) Theoretical and experimental investigation of the relative effects of spark erosion and electrochemical dissolution in electrochemical ARC machining. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 32:113–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)63373-3
Khairy ABE, McGeough JA (1990) Die-sinking by electroerosion-dissolution machining. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 39:191–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)61033-6
Jalali M, Maillard P, Wüthrich R (2009) Toward a better understanding of glass gravity-feed micro-hole drilling with electrochemical discharges. J Micromechanics Microengineering 19:045001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/19/4/045001
Didar TF, Dolatabadi A, Wüthrich R (2008) Characterization and modeling of 2D-glass micro-machining by spark-assisted chemical engraving (SACE) with constant velocity. J Micromechanics Microengineering 18. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/18/6/065016
Peng WY, Liao YS (2004) Study of electrochemical discharge machining technology for slicing non-conductive brittle materials. J Mater Process Technol 149:363–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2003.11.054
Jain VK, Chak SK (2000) Electrochemical spark trepanning of alumina and quartz. Mach Sci Technol 4:277–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/10940340008945710
Fascio V, Langen HH, Bleuler H, Comninellis C (2003) Investigations of the spark assisted chemical engraving. Electrochem commun 5:203–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2481(03)00018-3
Schöpf M, Beltrami I, Boccadoro M et al (2001) ECDM (electro chemical discharge machining), a new method for trueing and dressing of metal-bonded diamond grinding tools. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 50:125–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62086-1
Cao XD, Kim BH, Chu CN (2009) Micro-structuring of glass with features less than 100 μm by electrochemical discharge machining. Precis Eng 33:459–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2009.01.001
Wüthrich R, Fascio V (2005) Machining of non-conducting materials using electrochemical discharge phenomenon—an overview. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 45:1095–1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2004.11.011
Wüthrich R, Spaelter U, Bleuler H (2006) The current signal in spark-assisted chemical engraving (SACE): what does it tell us? J Micromechanics Microengineering 16:779–785. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/16/4/014
Wüthrich R, Ziki JDA (2014) Micromachining using electrochemical discharge phenomenon: fundamentals and application of spark assisted chemical engraving, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Oxford
Wüthrich R, Hof LA (2006) The gas film in spark assisted chemical engraving (SACE)—a key element for micro-machining applications. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 46:828–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2005.07.029
Xu Y, Chen J, Jiang B, Ni J (2018) Investigation of micro-drilling using electrochemical discharge machining with counter resistant feeding. J Mater Process Technol 257:141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.02.023
Singh T, Dvivedi A (2016) Developments in electrochemical discharge machining: a review on electrochemical discharge machining, process variants and their hybrid methods. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 105:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2016.03.004
Gautam N, Jain VK (1998) Experimental investigations into ECSD process using various tool kinematics. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 38:15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6955(98)00034-0
Goud M, Sharma AK, Jawalkar C (2016) A review on material removal mechanism in electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) and possibilities to enhance the material removal rate. Precis Eng 45:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2016.01.007
Basak I, Ghosh A (1996) Mechanism of spark generation during electrochemical discharge machining: a theoretical model and experimental verification. J Mater Process Technol 62:46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(95)02202-3
Krötz H, Roth R, Wegener K (2013) Experimental investigation and simulation of heat flux into metallic surfaces due to single discharges in micro-electrochemical arc machining (micro-ECAM). Int J Adv Manuf Technol 68:1267–1275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-4918-9
Paul L, Korah LV (2016) Effect of power source in ECDM process with FEM modeling. Procedia Technol 25:1175–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.08.236
Behroozfar A, Razfar MR (2016) Experimental study of the tool wear during the electrochemical discharge machining. Mater Manuf Process 31:574–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2015.1004685
Fascio V, Wüthrich R, Bleuler H (2004) Spark assisted chemical engraving in the light of electrochemistry. Electrochim Acta 49:3997–4003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2003.12.062
Sarkar BR, Doloi B, Bhattacharyya B (2006) Parametric analysis on electrochemical discharge machining of silicon nitride ceramics. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 28:873–881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-004-2448-1
Sharma P, Mishra DK, Dixit P (2020) Experimental investigations into alumina ceramic micromachining by electrochemical discharge machining process. Procedia Manuf 48:244–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.05.044
Rajput V, Goud M, Suri NM (2021) Three-dimensional finite element modeling and response surface based multi-response optimization during silica drilling with closed-loop ECDM. SILICON 13:3583–3609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00867-7
Jiang B, Lan S, Wilt K, Ni J (2015) Modeling and experimental investigation of gas film in micro-electrochemical discharge machining process. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 90:8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2014.11.006
Jiang B, Lan S, Ni J, Zhang Z (2014) Experimental investigation of spark generation in electrochemical discharge machining of non-conducting materials. J Mater Process Technol 214:892–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.12.005
Kulkarni AV (2007) Electrochemical discharge machining process. Def Sci J 57:765–770. https://doi.org/10.14429/dsj.64.1812
Kolhekar KR, Sundaram M (2016) A study on the effect of electrolyte concentration on surface integrity in micro electrochemical discharge machining. Procedia CIRP 45:355–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.02.146
Gupta PK, Bhamu JP, Rajoria CS et al (2016) Effect of duty ratio at different pulse frequency during hole drilling in ceramics using electrochemical discharge machining. MATEC Web Conf 77. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20167710004
Kim DJ, Ahn Y, Lee SH, Kim YK (2006) Voltage pulse frequency and duty ratio effects in an electrochemical discharge microdrilling process of Pyrex glass. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 46:1064–1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2005.08.011
Gupta PK (2015) PhD thesis—investigations on ECDM for subtractive microfabrication on glass. Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
Verma AK, Mishra DK, Pawar K, Dixit P (2020) Investigations into surface topography of glass microfeatures formed by pulsed electrochemical discharge milling for microsystem applications. Microsyst Technol 26:2105–2116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-020-04770-4
West J, Jadhav A (2007) ECDM methods for fluidic interfacing through thin glass substrates and the formation of spherical microcavities. J Micromech Microeng 17:403–409. https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/17/2/028
Jain VK, Adhikary S (2008) On the mechanism of material removal in electrochemical spark machining of quartz under different polarity conditions. J Mater Process Technol 200:460–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.08.071
Arab J, Mishra DK, Kannojia HK et al (2019) Fabrication of multiple through-holes in non-conductive materials by electrochemical discharge machining for RF MEMS packaging. J Mater Process Technol 271:542–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.04.032
Chak SK, Rao PV (2014) Machining of SiC by ECDM process using different electrode configurations under the effect of pulsed DC. Int J Manuf Technol Manag 28:39–56. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMTM.2014.064629
Rajput V, Goud M, Suri NM (2021) Finite element modeling for comparing the machining performance of different electrolytes in ECDM. Arab J Sci Eng 46:2097–2119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-05009-0
Arab J, Mishra DK, Dixit P (2021) Measurement and analysis of the geometric characteristics of microholes and tool wear for varying tool-workpiece gaps in electrochemical discharge drilling. Meas J Int Meas Confed 168:108463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108463
Kamaraj AB, Jui SK, Cai Z, Sundaram MM (2015) A mathematical model to predict overcut during electrochemical discharge machining. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 81:685–691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7208-x
Bhondwe KL, Yadava V, Kathiresan G (2006) Finite element prediction of material removal rate due to electro-chemical spark machining. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 46:1699–1706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2005.12.005
Mishra DK, Arab J, Magar Y, Dixit P (2019) High aspect ratio glass micromachining by multi-pass electrochemical discharge based micromilling technique. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol 8:322–331. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0191906jss
Kulkarni A, Sharan R, Lal GK (2002) An experimental study of discharge mechanism in electrochemical discharge machining. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 42:1121–1127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6955(02)00058-5
Kolhekar K, Sundaram M (2019) A multiphase simulation study of electrochemical discharge machining of glass. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 105:1597–1608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04318-5
Gupta PK (2018) Effect of electrolyte level during electro chemical discharge machining of glass. J Electrochem Soc 165:E279–E281. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1021807jes
Chen JC, Lin YA, Kuo CL et al (2019) An improvement in the quality of holes drilled in quartz glassby electrochemical discharge machining. Smart Sci 7:169–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/23080477.2019.1597579
Ziki JDA, Wüthrich R (2012) Tool wear and tool thermal expansion during micro-machining by spark assisted chemical engraving. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 61:481–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3731-6
Singh T, Dvivedi A (2018) On pressurized feeding approach for effective control on working gap in ECDM. Mater Manuf Process 33:462–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2017.1339319
Singh T, Dvivedi A (2018) On performance evaluation of textured tools during micro-channeling with ECDM. J Manuf Process 32:699–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.03.033
Razfar MR, Behroozfar A, Ni J (2014) Study of the effects of tool longitudinal oscillation on the machining speed of electrochemical discharge drilling of glass. Precis Eng 38:885–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2014.05.004
Yang CK, Wu KL, Hung JC et al (2011) Enhancement of ECDM efficiency and accuracy by spherical tool electrode. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 51:528–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2011.03.001
Han MS, Min BK, Lee SJ (2011) Micro-electrochemical discharge cutting of glass using a surface-textured tool. CIRP J Manuf Sci Technol 4:362–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2011.06.007
Mishra DK, Verma AK, Arab J et al (2019) Numerical and experimental investigations into microchannel formation in glass substrate using electrochemical discharge machining. J Micromechanics Microengineering 29:075004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ab1da7
Singh YP, Jain VK, Kumar P, Agrawal DC (1996) Machining piezoelectric (PZT) ceramics using an electrochemical spark machining (ECSM) process. J Mater Process Technol 58:24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(95)02102-7
Nesarikar V V., Jain VK, Choudhury SK (1994) Traveling wire electrochemical spark machining of thick sheets of Kevlar-Epoxy composites. In: Proceedings of the sixteenth AIMTDR conference, pp 672–677
Arab J, Mishra DK, Dixit P (2020) Role of tool-substrate gap in the micro-holes formation by electrochemical discharge machining. Procedia Manuf 48:492–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.05.073
Jain VK, Dixit PM, Pandey PM (1999) On the analysis of the electrochemical spark machining process. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 39:165–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6955(98)00010-8
Goud M, Sharma AK (2017) A three-dimensional finite element simulation approach to analyze material removal in electrochemical discharge machining. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part C J Mech Eng Sci 231:2417–2428. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406216636167
Wei C, Xu K, Ni J et al (2011) A finite element based model for electrochemical discharge machining in discharge regime. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 54:987–995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-010-3000-0
Hajian M, Razfar MR, Movahed S, Hemasian Etefagh A (2018) Experimental and numerical investigations of machining depth for glass material in electrochemical discharge milling. Precis Eng 51:521–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2017.10.007
Behroozfar A, Razfar MR (2016) Experimental and numerical study of material removal in electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM). Mater Manuf Process 31:495–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2015.1058951
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sharma, M.P., Gupta, P.K., Kumar, G. (2023). Process Parameters and Their Effect During Electrochemical Discharge Machining: A Review. In: Li, X., Rashidi, M.M., Lather, R.S., Raman, R. (eds) Emerging Trends in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6945-4_42
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6945-4_42
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-6944-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-6945-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)