Abstract
Water dynamics in forest basins is highly complex. Although some investigations on long-term change in forest water balance following forest fires exist, limited information is available in long-term observation of forest watersheds composed of a single tree species and forest age. Therefore, a detailed water balance model, based on forest structure parameters using observation data from the literature, was developed to evaluate how forest structures, such as forest age, density, and tree height, affect the water balance of a forested watershed. It is suggested that the available water resources in Japanese cedar forests decline from young forest to age 100 years and then remain almost constant. Similar trends about the water balance in the forested watershed have been observed in existing studies, and the impact of aboveground areas, which have a significant effect on forest age, on the water balance appears to correspond to the results of this study, which were validated by the detailed model.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ando T, Hatiya K, Doi K, Kataoka H, Kato Y, Sakaguchi K (1968) Studies on the system of density control of sugi (cryptomeria japonica) stand. Bulletin of the Government Forestry Experiment Station 209:1–76
Brutsaert W (2005) Hydrology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Cannell MGR (1982) World forest biomass and primary production data. Academic, London, pp 146–149
Chiba Y (2009) Expected duration for canopy re-closure after thinning in plantation forests. Kanto Journal of Forest Research 60:149–150. (in Japanese)
Cox PM, Huntingford C, Harding RJ (1998) A canopy conductance and photosynthesis model for use in a GCM land surface scheme. J Hydrol 212-213:79–94
Ena Regional Agriculture and Forestry Office of Gifu Prefecture and Japan Forest Engineering Consultants (2008) Report of the Kiso River basin forest hydrologic function study. Futatsumori, Fukuoka, Nakatsugawa city. Gifu Prefecture-(in Japanese)
Falster DS et al (2015) BAAD: a biomass and allometry database for woody plants. Ecology 96(5):1445–1445
Forestry Resources Management Division of Gifu Prefecture (1992) Forest harvest table/forest density control chart for Japanese cedar (in Japanese)
Hamon WR (1961) Estimating potential evapotranspiration. J Hydraul Div 87(3):107–120
Harada H, Satoo H, Hotta I, Hatiya K, Tadaki Y (1972) Study on the nutrient contents of mature Cryptomeria forest. Bulletin of the Government Forest Experiment Station 249:17–74
Iehara T, Fukuda M, Hosoda K, Ishibashi S, Nishizono T, Tanaka K, Kotani E, Kondo H, Matsuura Y (2003) Study on transparent and verifiable method of evaluating carbon sinks, Report of Global Environment Research Coordinate System, Ministry of the Environment, Japan. http://www.env.go.jp/earth/kenkyuhi/report/pdf/03_5_2_1.pdf (last Accessed at 7, Feb., 2022) (in Japanese)
Inagaki Y, Nakanishi A, Tange T (2020) A simple method for leaf and branch biomass estimation in Japanese cedar plantations. Trees 34:349–356
Ishii T, Nashimoto M, Shimogaki H (1998) Development of forest observation method using remote sensing data–Estimation of leaf area index, Annual Research Report. Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
Jarvis PG (1976) The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field, philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, series. B. Biological Sciences 273:593–610
Kanazawa Y, Kiyono Y, Fujimori T (1985) Crown development and stem growth in relation to stand density in even-aged pure stands (II) clear-length model of Cryptomeria japonica stands as a function of stand density and tree height. Journal of the Japanese Forest Society 67(7):391–397
Kawanabe S, Ando M (1988) Studies on regeneration of natural forest on lower limit of cool temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest V -biomass and growth in natural forest of Cryptomeria japonica. Bulletin of the Kyoto University Forests 60:67–76
Komatsu H, Sinohara Y, Kumagai T, Kume T, Tsuruta K, **ang Y, Ichihashi R, Tateishi M, Shimizu T, Miyazawa Y, Nogata M, Laplace S, Han T, Chiu C, Ogura A, Saito T, Otsuki K (2014) A model relating transpiration for Japanese cedar and cypress plantations with stand structure. For Ecol Manag 334:301–312
Kondo J (1998) Dependence of evapotranspiration on the precipitation amount and leaf area index for various vegetated surfaces. Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources 11(7):679–693
Kondo J, Ishii M (1992) Estimation of rainfall interception loss from forest canopies and comparison with measurements. Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources 5(1):27–34
Kondo J, Watanabe T (1991) A guide to study on evaporation from the complex land surface. Tenki 38(11):699–710. (in Japanese)
Kondo J, Watanabe T, Nakazono M, Ishii M (1992) Estimation of forest rainfall interception. Tenki 39(3):159–167. (in Japanese)
Leblanc SG, Chen JM, Fernandes R, Deering DW, Conley A (2005) Methodology comparison for canopy structure parameters extraction from digital hemispherical photography in boreal forests. Agric For Meteorol 129:187–207
Makkink GF (1957) Ekzameno de la formulo de Penman, Netherland. J Agric Sci 5:290–305
Mori M, Inuma M, Sato A, Saito K (1979) Managements and land use in Fagus crenata natural forest region in Tohoku district, Technical Report 5, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council
Nagai A (1993) Estimation of pan evaporation by Makkink equation, journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water. Resources 6(3):238–243
Nakai T, Sumida A, Daikoku K, Matsumoto K, van der Molen MK, Kodama Y, Kononov AV, Maximov TC, Dolman AJ, Yabuki H, Hara T, Ohta T (2008) Parameterization of aerodynamic roughness over boreal, cool-and warm-temperate forests. Agric For Meteorol 148(12):1916–1925
Oda T (2015) Report of the river fund of the river foundation, Japan, Grand Number 27–1263-0006, http://public-report.kasen.or.jp/271263006.pdf. Accessed at 7, Feb., 2022 (in Japanese)
Saito H, Kan M, Shidei T (1966) Studies on the effects of thinning from small diameter trees (I). Changes in stand condition before and after thinning. Bulletin of the Kyoto University Forests 38:50–67
Saito TM, Nagai S, Yoshino J, Muraoka H, Saigusa N, Tamagawa I (2012) Functional consequences of differences in canopy phenology for the carbon budgets of two cool-temperate forest types: simulations using the NCAR/LSM model and validation using tower flux and biometric data. Eurasian Journal of Forestry Research 15(1):19–30
Saito H, Shidei T (1973) Studies on the productivity and its estimation methodology in a young stand of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. Journal of the Japanese Forest Society 55(2):52–62
Saito H, Tamai S, Ogino K, Shidei T (1968) Studies on the effects of thinning from small diametered trees (III). Changes in stand condition after the second growing season. Bulletin of the Kyoto University Forests 40:81–92
Saito H, Yamada I, Shidei T (1967) Studies on the effects of thinning from small diameter trees (II). Changes in stand condition after single growing season. Bulletin of the Kyoto University Forests 39:64–78
Shaw RH, Pereira AR (1982) Aerodynamic roughness of a plant canopy: a numerical experiment. Agric Meteorol 26:51–65
Shinozaki K, Yoda Y, Hozumi K, Kira T (1964) A quantitative analysis of plant form-the pipe model theory I. Basic analysis, Japanese Journal of Ecology 14(3):97–105
Tadaki Y, Kawasaki Y (1966) Studies on the production structure of forest. IX. Primary productivity of a young Cryptomeria plantation with excessively high stand density. Journal of Japanese Forest Society 48(2):55–61
Tadaki Y, Ogata N, Nagatomo Y (1965) The dry matter productivity in several stands of cryptomeria japonica in Kyushu. Bulletin of the Government Forestry Experiment Station 173:45–66
Tadaki Y, Ogata N, Nagatomo Y (1967) Studies on production structure of forest. XI. Primary productivities of 28-years-old plantations of Cryptomeria of cuttings and of seedlings origin. Bulletin of the Government Forestry Experiment Station 199:47–65
Tange T, Kojima K (2010) Aboveground biomass data of anno growth monitoring stands of Cryptomeria japonica in the university Forest in Chiba. The University of Tokyo, miscellaneous Information, the Tokyo University Forests 49:1–6. (in Japanese)
Tani M (2016) Mizu to tuti to mori no kagaku. Kyoto University Press, Japan. (in Japanese)
Thornthwaite CW (1948) An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geogr Rev 38(1):55–94
Tsuruta K, Nogata M, Shinohara Y, Komatsu H, Otsuki K (2014) The correction coefficient for leaf area index measurement based on the optical method in a Japanese cedar forest. Bulletin of Kyusyu University Forest 95:88–92
van Gardingen PR, Jackson GE, Hernandez-Daumas S, Russell G, Sharp L (1999) Leaf area index estimates obtained for clumped canopies using hemispherical photography. Agric For Meteorol 94:243–257
Vertessy RA, Watson FGR, O’Sullivan SK (2001) Factors determining relations between stand age and catchment water balance in mountain ash forests. For Ecol Manag 143:13–26
Watanabe N, Kojima T, Shinoda S, Ohashi K, Tamagawa I, Saitoh T (2012) Observation and modeling of rainfall interception in evergreen forest and deciduous forest. Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser B1 68(4):I_1759–I_1764
Watanabe H, Moteki Y (2007) Growth progress and biomass in 92-years-old plantation of Japanese cedar. Bulletin of the Gifu Prefectural Research Institute of Forest 36:7–13. (in Japanese)
Whitely R, Medlyn B, Zeppel M, Macinnis-Ng C, Eamus D (2009) Comparing the penman-Monteith equation and a modified Jarvis-Stewart model with artificial neural network to estimate stand-scale transpiration and canopy conductance. J Hydrol 373:256–266
Yamaura Y, Yamada Y, Matsuura T, Tamai K, Taki H, Sato T, Hashimoto S, Murakami W, Toda K, Saito H, Nanko K, Ito E, Takayama N, Tsuzuki N, Takahashi M, Yamaki K, Sano M (2021) Modeling impacts of broad-scale plantation forestry on ecosystem services in the past 60 years and for the future. Ecosyst Serv 49:101271
Yuruki T (1964) Analytical studies on factors controling tree growth. Bulletin of the Kyushu University Forest 37:85–179
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP20K04747, JP20K12284. I would like to thank K. Kanematsu of Chubu Forest Engineering Consultants and Ena Regional Agriculture and Forestry Office of Gifu Prefecture for providing Gaman-Sawa data.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kojima, T. (2022). Relationship between Forest Stand Condition and Water Balance in a Forested Basin. In: Li, F., Awaya, Y., Kageyama, K., Wei, Y. (eds) River Basin Environment: Evaluation, Management and Conservation. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4070-5_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4070-5_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-4069-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-4070-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)