Abstract
The success of the treatment of RPL/RIF depends greatly on the diagnosis. Even after doing all the investigations to find out the cause of RPL/RIF, in almost 50% of cases, the underlying cause cannot be pinpointed. These cases are labeled as “unexplained” RPL/RIF. It is in these patients, that the underlying cause can be alloimmune rejection of pregnancy. In this “unexplained” group, the presence of alloimmune factors can be found by certain immunological tests, which have diagnostic value. However, more standardization of these tests is required.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Daya S. Habitual abortion. In: Copeland LJ, Jarrell JF, editors. Textbook of gynecology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2002. p. 227–71.
Mills JL, Simpson JL, Driscoll SG, Jovanic-Peterson L, Van Allen M, Aarons JH, et al. Incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent women whose pregnancies were identified within 21 days of conception. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:1617–23.
Coughlan C, et al. Recurrent implantation failure: definition and management. BioMed. Online. 2014;28(1):14–38.
Takeshita T. Diagnosis and treatment of recurrent miscarriage associated with immunologic disorders: is paternal lymphocyte immunization a relic of the past? J Nippon Med Sch. 2004;71:308–13.
Kwinecka-Dmitriew B, Zakrzewska M, Latos-Bieleńska A, et al. Częstość występowania aberracji chromosomowych w materiale z poronień. Ginekol Pol. 2010;81:896–901.
Pandey MK, Thakur S, Agrawal S. Lymphocyte immunotherapy and its probable mechanism in the maintenance of pregnancy in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2004;269:161–72.
Ito K, Tanaka T, Tsutsumi N, et al. Possible mechanisms of immunotherapy for maintaining pregnancy in recurrent spontaneous aborters: analysis of anti-idiopathic antibodies directed against autologous T-cell receptors. Hum Reprod. 1999;14:650–5.
Kishore R, Agarwal S, Halder A, et al. HLA sharing, anti-paternal cytotoxic antibodies and MLR blocking factors in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 1996;22:177–83.
Barrientos G, Fuchs D, Schrocksnadel K, et al. Low levels of serum asymmetric antibodies as a marker of threatened pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol. 2009;79:201–10.
Higuchi K, Aoki K, Kimbara T, Hosoi N, Yamamoto T, et al. Suppression of natural killer cell activity by monocytes following immunotherapy for recurrent spontaneous aborters. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1995;33:221–7.
Nielsen CM, White MJ, Goodler MR, Riley EM. Functional significance of CD57 expression on human NK cells and relevance to disease. Front Immunol. 2013;4:422).
Sacks G. NK cells in peripheral blood and the endometrium. In: Christiansen OB, editor. Recurrent pregnancy loss. West Sussex: Wiley; 2014.
Kandarian F, Sunga GM, Arango-Saenz D, Rossetti M. A flow cytometry-based cytotoxicity assay for the assessment of human NK cell. Activity J Vis Exp. 2017;126:56191.
Seshadri S, Sunkara SK. Natural killer cells in female infertility and recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod Update. 2014;20(3):429–38.
Daher S, Camano L. Cytokines in recurrent pregnancy loss. J Reprod Immunol. 2004;62(1-2):151–7.
Kim HR, Park AJ, Lee MK. CD56/CD16 expression on mononuclear cells and concentration of serum TNF-alpha in recurrent spontaneous abortion. Korean J Lab Med. 2006;26(3):198–203.
Ozturk OG, Sahın G, Karacor EDZ, Kucukgoz U. Evaluation of KIR genes in recurrent miscarriage. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2012 Sep;29(9):933–8.
Varla Leftherioti M, Spyropoulou-Vlachumm M, Keramitsoglout T, et al. Lack of appropriate natural killer cell inhibitory receptors in women with spontaneous abortion. Human immunology. 2005;66:65–71.
Elbaşı MO, et al. Maternal killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and paternal human leukocyte antigen ligands in recurrent pregnancy loss cases in Turkey. Clin Exp Reprod Med. 2020;47(2):122–9.
Ghafourian M, Abuhamidy A, Karami N. Increase of peripheral blood TCD8(+) cells in women with recurrent miscarriage. J Obstetr Gynaecol. 2014;34:36–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2013.817980.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Raut, M., Raut, M. (2022). Diagnosis of Alloimmune Factor. In: Lymphocyte Immunization Therapy (LIT) in Reproductive Failures. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2960-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2960-1_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-2959-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-2960-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)