SpringerLink
Log in

Strategies for Enhancement of Transgene Expression

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cisgenics and Transgenics

  • 299 Accesses

Abstract

Expressing a foreign gene from an AT-rich organism in a GC-rich organism is difficult. To enhance the expression of heterologous genes in plants, several molecular techniques have been discovered and implemented. These include deletion of sequence motifs and codons that cause mRNA degradation and, as a result, low expression (mRNA instability/putative polyadenylation sequences, cryptic splicing sites, RNA polymerase II termination signals, secondary structures, and so on), protein targeting to cellular compartments for optimal accumulation and stability (apoplast, ER, vacuole, and so on), and incorporation of elements that direct high-level expression (strong promoters, 5′UTR sequence, TIC, etc.). This chapter summarizes various strategies that aim at preparing/improving a naturally occurring gene from lower organism to be expressed in higher plants and also synthetic gene designing for higher expression. It also focuses on the use of strong promoters (modified natural or synthetic) to drive the expression of transgene(s) and improve the stability of gene product through subcellular targeting.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
EUR 29.95
Price includes VAT (France)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
EUR 117.69
Price includes VAT (France)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
EUR 158.24
Price includes VAT (France)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
EUR 158.24
Price includes VAT (France)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abranches R, Marcel S, Arcalis E, Altmann F, Fevereiro P, Stoger E (2005) Plants as bioreactors: a comparative study suggests that Medicago truncatula is a promising production system. J Biotechnol 120:121–134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Acharya S, Ranjan R, Pattanaik S, Maiti IB, Dey N (2014) Efficient chimeric plant promoters derived from plant infecting viral promoter sequences. Planta 239(2):381–396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Acharya S, Sengupta S, Patro S, Purohit S, Samal SK, Maiti IB, Dey N (2014) Development of an intra–molecularly shuffled efficient chimeric plant promoter from plant infecting Mirabilis mosaic virus promoter sequence. J Biotechnol 169:103–111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal S, Jha S, Sanyal I, Amla DV (2009) Effect of point mutations in translation initiation context on the expression of recombinant human α1-proteinase inhibitor in transgenic tomato plants. Plant Cell Rep 28:1791–1798

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal S, Singh R, Sanyal I, Amla DV (2008) Expression of modified gene encoding functional human a-1-antitrypsin protein in transgenic tomato plants. Transgenic Res 17:881–896

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali Z, Abulfaraj A, Idris A, Ali S, Tashkandi M, Mahfouz MM (2015) CRISPR/Cas9-mediated viral interference in plants. Genome Biol 16(1):1–1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen GC, Hall GE Jr, Childs LC, Weissinger AK, Spiker S, Thompson WF (1993) Scaffold attachment regions increase reporter gene expression in stably transformed plant cells. Plant Cell 5:603–613

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Allen GC, Hall GE Jr, Michalowski S, Newman W, Spiker S, Weissinger AK (1996) High-level transgene expression in plant cells: effects of a strong scaffold attachment region from tobacco. Plant Cell 8:899–913

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Althoff F, Kopischke S, Zobell O, Ide K, Ishizaki K, Kohchi T, Zachgo S (2014) Comparison of the MpEF1α and CaMV35 promoters for application in Marchantia polymorpha overexpression studies. Transgenic Res 23(2):235–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • An YQ, McDowell JM, Huang S, McKinney EC, Chambliss S, Meagher RB (1996) Strong, constitutive expression of the Arabidopsis ACT2/ACT8 actin subclass in vegetative tissues. Plant J 10(1):107–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arakawa T, Chong DK, Merritt JL, Langridge WH (1997) Expression of cholera toxin B subunit oligomers in transgenic potato plants. Transgenic Res 6(6):403–413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Artsaenko O, Kettig B, Fiedler U, Conrad U, During K (1998) Potato tubers as a biofactory for recombinant antibodies. Mol Breed 4:313–319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf S, Singh PK, Yadav DK, Shahnawaz M, Mishra S, Sawant SV, Tuli R (2005) High-level expression of surface glycoprotein of rabies virus in tobacco leaves and its immunoprotective activity in mice. J Biotechnol 119:1–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bai J, Wang X, Wu H, Ling F, Zhao Y, Lin Y, Wang R (2020) Comprehensive construction strategy of bidirectional green tissue-specific synthetic promoters. Plant Biotechnol J 18(3):668–678

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey JE, Prati EGP, Jean-Mairet J, Sburlati AR, Umana P (1998) Engineering glycosylation in animal cells. In: Merten OW (ed) New developments and new applications in animal cell technology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker H, Rouwendal GJ, Karnoup AS, Florack DEA, Stoopen GM, Helsper J (2006) An antibody produced in tobacco expressing a hybrid beta-(1,4)-galactosyltransferase is essentially devoid of plant carbohydrate epitopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:7577–7582

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bardor M, Cabrera G, Rudd PM, Dwek RA, Cremata JA, Lerouge P (2006) Analytical strategies to investigate plant N-glycan profiles in the context of plant-made pharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Struck Biol 16:576–583

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Battraw MJ, Hall TC (1990) Histochemical analysis of CaMV35S promoter β-glucuronidase gene expression in transgenic rice plants. Plant Mol Biol 15:527–538

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benchabane M, Goulet C, Rivard D, Faye L, Gomord V, Michaud D (2008) Preventing unintended proteolysis in plant protein biofactories. Plant Biotechnol J 6:633–648

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Benfey PN, Chua NH (1990) The cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter: combinatorial regulation of transcription in plants. Science 250:959–966

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benfey PN, Ren L, Chua NH (1989) The CaMV35S enhancer contains at least two domains which can confer different developmental and tissue-specific expression patterns. EMBO J 8(8):2195–2202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Benn G, Wang CQ, Hicks DR, Stein J, Guthrie C, Dehesh K (2014) A key general stress response motif is regulated non-uniformly by CAMTA transcription factors. Plant J 80(1):82–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Beutler E, Gelbart T, Han J, Koziol JA, Beutler B (1989) Evolution of the genome and the genetic code: selection at the dinucleotide level by methylation and polyribonucleotide cleavage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86:192–196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat SR, Srinivasan S (2002) Molecular and genetic analyses of transgenic plants: considerations and approaches. Plant Sci 163:673–681

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya S, Dey N, Maiti IB (2002) Analysis of cis-sequence of subgenomic transcript promoter from the Figwort mosaic virus and comparison of promoter activity with the cauliflower mosaic virus promoters in monocot and dicot cells. Virus Res 90(1–2):47–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhullar S, Chakravarthy S, Advani S, Datta S, Pental D, Burma PK (2003) Strategies for development of functionally equivalent promoters with minimum sequence homology for transgene expression in plants: cis-elements in a novel DNA context versus domain swap**. Plant Physiol 132:988–998

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boddupally D, Tamirisa S, Gundra SR, Vudem DR, Khareedu VR (2018) Expression of hybrid fusion protein (Cry1Ac::ASAL) in transgenic rice plants imparts resistance against multiple insect pests. Sci Rep 8(1):1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boehm R (2007) Bioproduction of therapeutic proteins in the 21st century and the role of plants and plant cells as production platforms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1102:121–134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Borg S, Brinch-Pedersen H, Tauris B, Madsen LH, Darbani B, Noeparvar S, Holm PB (2012) Wheat ferritins: improving the iron content of the wheat grain. J Cereal Sci 56(2):204–213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd L, Thummel CS (1993) Selection of CUG and AUG initiator codons for Drosophila E74A translation depends on downstream sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:9164–9167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks SA (2006) Protein glycosylation in diverse cell systems: implications for modification and analysis of recombinant proteins. Exp Rev Proteomics 3:345–359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown JWS, Simpson CG (1998) Splice site selection in plant pre-mRNA splicing. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49:77–95

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruyns A-M, de Jaeger G, de Neve M, de Wilde C, van Montagu M, Depicker A (1996) Bacterial and plant-produced scFv proteins have similar antigen-binding properties. FEBS Lett 386:5–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butaye KM, Cammune BPA, Delaure SL, De Bolle MF (2005) Approaches to minimize variation of transgene expression in plants. Mol Breed 16:79–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castilho A, Strasser R, Stadlmann J, Grass J, Jez J, Gattinger P, Kunert R, Quendler H, Pabst M, Leonard R, Altmann F, Steinkellner H (2010) In planta protein sialylation through overexpression of the respective mammalian pathway. J Biol Chem 285:15923–15930

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chakravarthi M, Narayan JA, Subramonian N, Appunu C (2015) Development of novel synthetic promoters for gene expression in transgenic sugarcane. J Sugarcane Res 5(2):42–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan MT, Chang HH, Ho SL, Tong WF, Yu SM (1993) Agrobacterium-mediated production of transgenic rice plants expressing a chimeric α-amylase promoter/β-glucuronidase gene. Plant Mol Biol 22(3):491–506

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan MT, Yu SM (1998) The 3′ untranslated region of a rice alpha-amylase gene functions as a sugar-dependent mRNA stability determinant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:6543–6547

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chaturvedi CP, Sawant SV, Kiran K, Mehrotra R, Lodhi N, Ansari SA, Tuli R (2006) Analysis of polarity in the expression from a multifactorial bidirectional promoter designed for high-level expression of transgenes in plants. J Biotechnol 123:1–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen M, Liu X, Wang Z, Song J, Qi Q, Wang PG (2005) Modification of plant N-glycans processing: the future of producing therapeutic protein by transgenic plants. Med Res Rev 25:343–360

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen ZL, Schuler MA, Beachy RN (1986) Functional analysis of regulatory elements in a plant embryo-specific gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci 83(22):8560–8564

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung SCK, Sun SSM, Chan JCN, Tong PCY (2009) Expression and subcellular targeting of human insulin-like growth factor binding protein −3 in transgenic tobacco plants. Transgenic Res 18(6):943–951

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chikwamba RK, Scott MP, Mejia LB, Mason HS, Wang K (2003) Localization of a bacterial protein in starch granules of transgenic maize kernels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:11127–11132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen AH, Sharrock RA, Quail PH (1992) Maize polyubiquitin genes: structure, thermal perturbation of expression and transcript splicing, and promoter activity following transfer to protoplasts by electroporation. Plant Mol Biol 18:675–689

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comai L, Moran P, Maslyar D (1990) Novel and useful properties of a chimeric plant promoter combining CaMV35S and MAS elements. Plant Mol Biol 15:373–381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cominelli E, Galbiati M, Albertini A, Fornara F, Conti L, Coupland G, Tonelli C (2011) DOF–binding sites additively contribute to guard cell–specificity of AtMYB60 promoter. BMC Plant Biol 11(1):1–3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad U, Fiedler U (1998) Compartment-specific accumulation of recombinant immunoglobulins in plant cells: an essential tool for antibody production and immunomodulation of physiological functions and pathogen activity. Plant Mol Biol 38:101–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad U, Fiedler U, Artsaenko O, Phillips J (1998) High-level and stable accumulation of singlechain Fv antibodies in plant storage organs. J Plant Physiol 152:708–711

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Copenhaver GP, Preuss D (2000) Plant artificial chromosome compositions and methods, United States Patent, 6156953

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornejo MJ, Luth D, Blankenship KM, Anderson OD, Blechl AE (1993) Activity of a maize ubiquitin promoter in transgenic rice. Plant Mol Biol 23(3):567–581

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coussens G, Aesaert S, Verelst W, Demeulenaere M, De Buck S, Njuguna E, Inzé D, Van Lijsebettens M (2012) Brachypodium distachyon promoters as efficient building blocks for transgenic research in maize. J Exp Bot 63(11):4263–4273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox KM, Sterling JD, Regan JT, Gasdaska JR, Frantz KK, Peele CG, Black A, Passmore D, Moldovan-Loomis C, Srinivasan M, Cuison S, Cardarelli PM, Dickey LF (2006) Glycan optimization of a human monoclonal antibody in the aquatic plant Lemna minor. Nat Biotechnol 24:12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis IS, Power JB, Hedden P, Phillip A, Lowe KC, Ward DA, Davey MR (2000) Transformation and characterization of transgenic plants of Solanum dulcamara L. –incidence of transgene silencing. Ann Bot 86:63–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dai Z, Hooker BS, Quesenberry RD, Thomas SR (2005) Optimization of Acidothermus cellulolyticus (E1) production in transgenic tobacco plants by transcriptional, post-transcription and post-translational modification. Transgenic Res 14:627–643

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daniell H, Ruiz G, Denes B, Sandberg L, Langridge W (2009) Optimization of codon composition and regulatory elements for expression of human insulin like growth factor-1 in transgenic chloroplasts and evaluation of structural identity and function. BMC Biotechnol 9(1):1–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Datla RS, Bekkaoui F, Hammerlindl JK, Pilate G, Dunstan DI, Crosby WL (1993) Improved high level constitutive foreign gene expression in plants using an AMV RNA4 untranslated leader sequence. Plant Sci 94:139–149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Paepe A, De Buck S, Hoorelbeke K, Nolf J, Peck I, Depicker A (2009) High frequency of single copy T-DNA transformants by floral dip in CRE-expressing Arabidopsis plants. Plant J 59(4):517–527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dey N, Maiti IB (1999) Structure and promoter/leader deletion analysis of mirabilis mosaic virus (MMV) full-length transcript promoter in transgenic plants. Plant Mol Biol 40(5):771–782

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Rita VJ, Gelvin SB (1987) Deletion analysis of mannopine synthase gene promoter in sunflower crown gall tumors and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Mol Gen Genet 207:233–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong JL, Liang BG, ** YS, Zhang WJ, Wang T (2005) Oral immunization with pBsVP6-transgenic alfalfa protects mice against rotavirus infection. Virology 339:153–163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doran PM (2006) Foreign protein degradation and instability in plants and tissue cultures. Trends Biotech 24:426–432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dowson Day MJ, Ashurst JA, Mathias SF, Watts JW, Wilson TM, Dixon RA (1993) Plant viral leaders influence expression of a reporter gene in tobacco. Plant Mol Biol 23(1):97–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du L, Lou Q, Zhang X, Jiao S, Liu Y, Wang Y (2014) Construction of flower–specific chimeric promoters and analysis of their activities in transgenic torenia. Plant Mol Biol Rep 32(1):234–245

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ducreux LJ, Morris WL, Hedley PE, Shepherd T, Davies HV, Millam S, Taylor MA (2005) Metabolic engineering of high carotenoid potato tubers containing enhanced levels of β-carotene and lutein. J Exp Bot 56(409):81–89

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta I, Majumder P, Saha P, Ray K, Das S (2005) Constitutive and phloem specific expression of Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL) to engineer aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) resistance in transgenic Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Plant Sci 169(6):996–1007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dwek RA (1996) Glycobiology: toward understanding the function of sugars. Chem Rev 96:683–720

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi KK, Roche D, Carman JG (2010) Expression in Arabidopsis of a nucellus-specific promoter from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). J Plant Sci 179(5):549–552

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elkholy SF, Ismail RM, Bahieldin A, Sadik AS, Madkour MA (2009) Expression of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) gene in transgenic banana (Musa Sp.). Arab J Biotechnol 12:291–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Erpen-Dalla Corte L, Mendes BM, Mourão Filho FA, Grosser JW, Dutt M (2020) Functional characterization of full-length and 5′ deletion fragments of Citrus sinensis-derived constitutive promoters in Nicotiana benthamiana. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 8:1

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagard M, Vaucheret H (2000) (Trans) gene silencing in plants: how many mechanisms? Plant Mol Biol 51:167–194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falco SC, Guida T, Locke M, Mauvais J, Sanders C, Ward RT, Webber P (1995) Transgenic canola and soybean seeds with increased lysine. Bio/Technol 13(6):577–582

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang RX, Nagy F, Sivasubramaniam S, Chua NH (1989) Multiple cis-regulatory elements for maximal expression of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in transgenic plants. Plant Cell 1:141–150

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fauser F, Schiml S, Puchta H (2014) Both CRISPR/Cas-based nucleases and nickases can be used efficiently for genome engineering in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 79(2):348–359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fecker LF, Kaufmann A, Commandeur U, Commandeur J, Koenig R, Burgermeister W (1996) Expression of a single chain antibody fragment scFv specific for beet necrotic yellow vein virus coat protein or 25 kDa protein in Escherichia coli and Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant Mol Biol 32:979–986

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng C, Su H, Bai H, Wang R, Liu Y, Guo X, Liu C, Zhang J, Yuan J, Birchler JA, Han F (2018) High-efficiency genome editing using a dmc1 promoter-controlled CRISPR/Cas9 system in maize. Plant Biotechnol J 16(11):1848–1857

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feng Z, Zhang B, Ding W, Liu X, Yang DL, Wei P, Cao F, Zhu S, Zhang F, Mao Y, Zhu JK (2013) Efficient genome editing in plants using a CRISPR/Cas system. Cell Res 23(10):1229–1232

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fennoy SL, Bailey-serres J (1993) Synonymous codon usage in Zea mays L nuclear genes is varied by levels of C-ending and G-ending codons. Nucl Acid Res 21:5294–5300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler U, Phillips J, Artsaenko O, Conrad U (1997) Optimization of scFv antibody production in transgenic plants. Immunotechnology 3:205–216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Firek S, Draper J, Owen MR, Gandecha A, Cockburn B, Whitelam GC (1993) Secretion of a functional single-chain Fv protein in transgenic tobacco plants and cell suspension cultures. Plant Mol Biol 23:861–870

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer R, Schumann D, Zimmermann S, Drossard J, Sack M, Schillberg S (1999) Expression and characterization of bispecific single-chain Fv fragments produced in transgenic plants. Eur J Biochem 262:810–816

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer R, Stoger E, Schillberg S, Christou P, Twyman RM (2004) Plant-based production of biopharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7:152–158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiume E, Christou P, Giani S, Breviario D (2004) Introns are key regulatory elements of rice tubulin expression. Planta 218:693–703

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frey AD, Karg SR, Kallio PT (2009) Expression of rat β(1,4)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III in Nicotiana tabacum remodels the plant-specific N-glycosylation. Plant Biotechnol J 7:33–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallie DR, Tanguay RL, Leathers V (1995) The tobacco etch viral 5′ leader and poly(A) tail are functionally synergistic regulators of translation. Gene 165:233–238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao SQ, Chen M, **a LQ, **u HJ, Xu ZS, Li LC et al (2009) A cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) DRE-binding transcription factor gene, GhDREB, confers enhanced tolerance to drought, high salt, and freezing stresses in transgenic wheat. Plant Cell Rep 28(2):301–311

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao T, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, Ning Y, Wang D et al (2011) OsSDIR1 overexpression greatly improves drought tolerance in transgenic rice. Plant Mol Biol 76(2):145–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ge H, Li X, Chen S, Zhang M, Liu Z, Wang J, Li X, Yang Y (2018) The expression of CARK1 or RCAR11 driven by synthetic promoters increases drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 19(7):1945

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerasymenko IM, Sheludko YV (2017) Synthetic cold-inducible promoter enhances recombinant protein accumulation during Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana excelsior at chilling temperatures. Biotechnol Lett 39(7):1059–1067

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerngross TU (2004) Advances in the production of human therapeutic proteins in yeasts and filamentous fungi. Nat Biotechnol 22:1409–1414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilissen LJW, Metz PLJ, Stiekema WJ, Nap J-P (1998) Biosafety of E. coli β-glucuronidase (GUS) in plants. Transgenic Res 7(3):157–163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gils M, Kandzia R, Marillonnet S, Klimyuk V, Gleba Y (2005) High-yield production of authentic human growth hormone using a plant virus-based expression system. Plant Biotechnol J 3:613–620

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomord V, Wee E, Faye L (1999) Protein retention and localization in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Biochimie 81:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grichko VP, Filby B, Glick BR (2000) Increased ability of transgenic plants expressing the bacterial enzyme ACC deaminase to accumulate Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. J Biotechnol 81(1):45–53

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guerineau F, Lucy A, Mullineaux P (1992) Effect of two consensus sequences preceding the translation initiator codon on gene expression in plant protoplasts. Plant Mol Biol 18:815–818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson C, Govindarajan S, Minshull J (2004) Codon bias and heterologous protein expression. Trends Biotechnol 22:346–353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez-Ortega A, Sandoval-Montes C, Olivera-Flores TJ, Santos-Argumedo L, Gómez-Lim MÁ (2005) Expression of functional interleukin-12 from mouse in transgenic tomato plants. Transgenic Res 14:877–885

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halpin C (2005) Gene stacking in transgenic plants-the challenge for 21st century plant biotechnology. Plant Biotechnol J 3:141–155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hampsey M (1998) Molecular genetics of the RNA polymerase II general transcriptional machinery. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62(2):465–503

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Han YJ, Kim YM, Hwang OJ, Kim JI (2015) Characterization of a small constitutive promoter from Arabidopsis translationally controlled tumor protein (AtTCTP) gene for plant transformation. Plant Cell Rep 34(2):265–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanumappa M, Choi G, Ryu S, Choi G (2007) Modulation of flower colour by rationally designed dominant-negative chalcone synthase. J Exp Bot 58(10):2471–2478

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haq TA, Mason HS, Clements JD, Arntzen CJ (1995) Oral immunization with a recombinant bacterial antigen produced in transgenic plants. Science 268:714–716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haseloff J, Siemering KR, Prasher DC, Hodge S (1997) Removal of a cryptic intron and subcellular localization of green fluorescent protein are required to mark Arabidopsis plants brightly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:2122–2127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto R, Ueta R, Abe C, Osakabe Y, Osakabe K (2018) Efficient multiplex genome editing induces precise, and self-ligated type mutations in tomato plants. Front Plant Sci 3(9):916

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He X, Hou X, Shen Y, Huang Z (2011) TaSRG, a wheat transcription factor, significantly affects salt tolerance in transgenic rice and Arabidopsis. FEBS Lett 585(8):1231–1237

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • He H, Ke H, Keting H, Qiaoyan X, Silan D (2013) Flower colour modification of chrysanthemum by suppression of F3′H and overexpression of the exogenous Senecio cruentus F3′5′H gene. PLoS One 8(11):e74395

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herman EM, Tague BW, Hoffman LM, Kjemtrup SE, Chrispeels MJ (1990) Retention of phytohemagglutinin with carboxy terminal tetrapeptide KDEL in the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum. Planta 182:305–312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez-Garcia CM, Martinelli AP, Bouchard RA, Finer JJ (2009) A soybean (Glycine max) polyubiquitin promoter gives strong constitutive expression in transgenic soybean. Plant Cell Rep 28:837–849

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiatt A, Cafferkey R, Bowdish K (1989) Production of antibodies in transgenic plants. Nature 342:76–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hood E, Witcher D, Maddock S, Meyer T, Baszczynski C, Bailey M (1997) Commercial production of avidin from transgenic maize: characterization of transformant, production, processing, extraction and purification. Mol Breed 3:291–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horvath H, Huang J, WongOi Kohl E, Okita T, Kannangara CG (2000) The production of recombinant proteins in transgenic barley grains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:1914–1919

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hull AK, Yusibov V, Mett V (2005) Inducible expression in plants by virus-mediated transgene activation. Transgenic Res 14:407–416

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyun Y, Kim J, Cho SW, Choi Y, Kim JS, Coupland G (2015) Site-directed mutagenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana using dividing tissue-targeted RGEN of the CRISPR/Cas system to generate heritable null alleles. Planta 241(1):271–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Im Choi Y, Noh EW, Lee HS, Han MS, Lee JS, Choi KS (2007) Mercury-tolerant transgenic poplars expressing two bacterial mercury-metabolizing genes. J Plant Biol 50(6):658–662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jani D, Singh NK, Bhattacharya S, Meena LS, Singh Y, Upadhyay SN, Sharma AK, Tyagi AK (2004) Studies on the immunogenic potential of plant-expressed cholera toxin B subunit. Plant Cell Rep 22:471–477

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis DL (2003) Develo** baculovirus-insect cell expression systems for humanized recombinant glycoprotein production. Virology 310:1–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis P, Belzile F, Dean C (1997) Insufficient and incorrect processing of the Ac transposase transcript in iae1 and wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 11:921–931

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson RA (1987) Assaying chimeric genes in plants: the GUS gene fusion system. Plant Mol Biol Rep 5:387–405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang P, Zhang K, Ding Z, He Q, Li W, Zhu S, Cheng W, Zhang K, Li K (2018) Characterization of a strong and constitutive promoter from the Arabidopsis serine carboxypeptidase-like gene AtSCPL30 as a potential tool for crop transgenic breeding. BMC Biotechnol 18(1):1–3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ** RG, Liu YB, Tabashnik BE, Borthakur D (2000) Development of transgenic cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) for insect resistance by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 36(4):231–237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi CP, Zhou H, Huang X, Chiang VL (1997) Context sequences of translation initiation codon in plants. Plant Mol Biol 35:993–1001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kane JF (1995) Effects of rare codon clusters on high-level expression of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli. Curr Opin Biotechnol 6:494–500

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang TJ, Loc NH, Jang MO, Yang MS (2004) Modification of the cholera toxin B subunit coding sequence to enhance expression in plants. Mol Br 13:143–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanofsky K, Lehmeyer M, Schulze J, Hehl R (2016) Analysis of microbe-associated molecular pattern-responsive synthetic promoters with the parsley protoplast system. In: Plant synthetic promoters. Humana Press, New York, NY, pp 163–174

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kanrar S, Venkateswari J, Kirti P, Chopra V (2002) Transgenic Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) with resistance to the mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.). Plant Cell Rep 20(10):976–981

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karg SR, Frey AD, Ferrara C, Streich DK, Umaña P, Kallio PT (2009) A small-scale method for the preparation of plant N-linked glycans from soluble proteins for analysis by MALDITOF mass spectrometry. Plant Physiol Biochem 47:160–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katsumoto Y, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Fukui Y, Brugliera F, Holton TA, Karan M et al (2007) Engineering of the rose flavonoid biosynthetic pathway successfully generated blue-hued flowers accumulating delphinidin. Plant Cell Physiol 48(11):1589–1600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kay R, Chan A, Daly M, McPherson J (1987) Duplication of CaMV35S promoter sequence creates a strong enhancer for plant genes. Science 236:1299–1302

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan ZA, Abdin MZ, Khan JA (2015) Functional characterization of a strong bi-directional constitutive plant promoter isolated from cotton leaf curl Burewala virus. PLoS One 10(3):e0121656

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim T-G, Baek M-Y, Lee E-K, Kwon T-H, Yang M-S (2008) Expression of human growth hormone in transgenic rice cell suspension culture. Plant Cell Rep 27:885–891

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinney AJ, Knowlton S (1998) Designer oils: the high oleic acid soybean. Genetic modification in the food industry. Springer, Boston, MA, pp 193–213

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ko K, Tekoah Y, Rudd PM, Harvey DJ, Dwek RA, Spitsin S (2003) Function and glycosylation of plant-derived antiviral monoclonal antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:8013–8018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koia J, Moyle R, Hendry C, Lim L, Botella JR (2013) Pineapple translation factor SUI1 and ribosomal protein L36 promoters drive constitutive transgene expression patterns in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol 81(4–5):327–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koul B, Yadav R, Sanyal I, Sawant S, Sharma V, Amla DV (2012) Cis–acting motifs in artificially synthesized expression cassette leads to enhanced transgene expression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Plant Physiol Bioch 61:131–141

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kozak M (1986) Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes. Cell 44:283–292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kozak M (1987) An analysis of 5′-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 15:8125–8148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kozak M (1999) Initiation of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene 234:187–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kozak M (2002) Pushing the limits of the scanning mechanism for initiation of translation. Gene 299:1–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar GS, Ganapathi TR, Revathi CJ, Srinivas L, Bapat VA (2005) Expression of hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic banana plants. Planta 222(3):484–493

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar D, Patro S, Ranjan R, Sahoo DK, Maiti IB, Dey N (2011) Development of useful recombinant promoter and its expression analysis in different plant cells using confocal laser scanning microscopy. PLoS One 6(9):e24627

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kummari D, Palakolanu SR, Kishor PK, Bhatnagar-Mathur P, Singam P, Vadez V, Sharma KK (2020) An update and perspectives on the use of promoters in plant genetic engineering. J Biosci 45(1):1–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kusnadi AR, Nikolov ZL, Howard JA (1997) Production of recombinant proteins in transgenic plants: practical considerations. Biotechnol Bioeng 56:473–484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Frano MR, Woodhouse LR, Burnett DJ, Burri BJ (2013) Biofortified cassava increases β-carotene and vitamin A concentrations in the TAG-rich plasma layer of American women. Br J Nutr 110(2):310–320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawton MA, Tierney MA, Nakamura I, Anderson E, Komeda Y, Dubé P et al (1987) Expression of a soybean β-conclycinin gene under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S and 19S promoters in transformed petunia tissues. Plant Mol Biol 9(4):315–324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leisner SM, Gelvin SB (1988) Structure of the octopine synthase upstream activator sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:2533–2557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leite A, Kemper E, da Silva M, Luchessi A, Siloto R, Bonaccorsi E (2000) Expression of correctly processed human growth hormone in seeds of transgenic tobacco plants. Mol Breeding 6:47–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lerouge P, Cabanes-Macheteau M, Rayon C, Fischette-Laine AC, Gomord V, Faye L (1998) N-glycoprotein biosynthesis in plants: recent developments and future trends. Plant Mol Biol 38:31–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li D, Leary JO, Huang Y, Huner NPA, Jevnikar AM, Ma S (2006) Expression of cholera toxin B subunit and the B chain of human insulin as a fusion protein in transgenic tobacco plants. Plant Cell Rep 25:417–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li M, Song B, Zhang Q, Liu X, Lin Y, Ou Y, Zhang H, Liu J (2013) A synthetic tuber-specific and cold–induced promoter is applicable in controlling potato cold–induced sweetening. Plant Physiol Bioch 67:41–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li M, **e C, Song B, Ou Y, Lin Y, Liu X, Zhang H, Liu J (2015) Construction of efficient, tuber–specific, and cold-inducible promoters in potato. J Plant Sci 235:14–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu S, Bao Y (2009) Effects of copy number of an octopine synthase enhancer element and its distance from the TATA box on heterologous expression in transgenic tobacco. Acta Physiol Plant 31(4):705–710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Li S, Yang W, Mu B, Jiao Y, Zhou X, Zhang C, Fan Y, Chen R (2018) Synthesis of seed–specific bidirectional promoters for metabolic engineering of anthocyanin-rich maize. Plant Cell Physiol 59(10):1942–1955

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu W, Mazarei M, Peng Y, Fethe MH, Rudis MR, Lin J, Millwood RJ, Arelli PR, Stewart CN Jr (2014) Computational discovery of soybean promoter cis-regulatory elements for the construction of soybean cyst nematode-inducible synthetic promoters. Plant Biotechnol J 12(8):1015–1026

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu W, Mazarei M, Rudis MR, Fethe MH, Stewart CN (2011) Rapid in vivo analysis of synthetic promoters for plant pathogen phytosensing. BMC Biotechnol 11(1):1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu JW, Tabe LM (1998) The influences of two plant nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) on gene expression in transgenic plants. Plant Cell Physiol 39:115–123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu L, White MJ, MacRae TH (1999) Transcription factors and their genes in higher plants functional domains, evolution and regulation. Eur J Biochem 262:247–257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Long L, Guo DD, Gao W, Yang WW, Hou LP, Ma XN, Miao YC, Botella JR, Song CP (2018) Optimization of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in cotton by improved sgRNA expression. Plant Methods 14(1):1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loos A, Van Droogenbroeck B, Hillmer S, Grass J, Kunert Cao J, Robinson DG, Depicker A, Steinkellner H (2011) Production of monoclonal antibodies with a controlled N-glycosylation pattern in seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Biotechnol J 9(2):179–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lota F, Wegmüller S, Buer B, Sato S, Bräutigam A, Hanf B, Bucher M (2013) The cis-acting CTTC–P1 BS module is indicative for gene function of L j VTI 12, a Q b-SNARE protein gene that is required for arbuscule formation in Lotus japonicus. Plant J 74(2):280–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu J, Sivamani E, Azhakanandam K, Samadder P, Li X, Qu R (2008) Gene expression enhancement mediated by the 5′ UTR intron of the rice rubi3 gene varied remarkably among tissues in transgenic rice plants. Mol Gen Genomics 279:563–572

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lv X, Song X, Rao G, Pan X, Guan L, Jiang X (2009) Construction vascular-specific expression bi-directional promoters in plants. J Biotechnol 141:104–108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma JK, Hiatt A, Hein M, Vine ND, Wang F, Stabila P, van Dolleweerd C, Mostov K, Lehner T (1995) Generation and assembly of secretory antibodies in plants. Science 268:716–719

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma S, Huang Y, Davis A, Yin Z, Mi Q, Menassa R, Brandle JE, Jevnikar AM (2005) Production of biologically active human interleukin-4 in transgenic tobacco and potato. Plant Biotechnol J 3:309–318

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maclean J, Koekemoer M, Olivier AJ, Stewart D, Hitzeroth II, Rademacher T, Fischer R, Williamson AL, Rybicki EP (2007) Optimization of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) L1 expression in plants: comparison of the suitability of different HPV-16 L1 gene variants and different cell-compartment localization. J Gen Virol 88(Pt 5):1460–1469

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maiti IB, Gowda S, Kiernan J, Ghosh SK, Shepherd RJ (1997) Promoter/leader deletion analysis and plant expression vectors with the figwort mosaic virus (FMV) full length transcript (FLt) promoter containing single or double enhancer domains. Transgenic Res 6(2):143–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maiti IB, Shepherd RJ (1998) Isolation and expression analysis of peanut chlorotic streak caulimovirus (PClSV) full-length transcript (FLt) promoter in transgenic plants. Biochem Biophs Res Commun 244(2):440–444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mao Y, Zhang Z, Feng Z, Wei P, Zhang H, Botella JR, Zhu JK (2016) Development of germ-line-specific CRISPR-Cas9 systems to improve the production of heritable gene modifications in Arabidopsis. Plant Biotechnol J 14(2):519–532

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marusic C, Nuttall J, Buriani G, Lico C, Lombardi R, Baschieri S, Benvenuto E, Frigerio L (2007) Expression intracellular targeting and purification of HIV Nef variants in tobacco cells. BMC Biotechnol 7:12

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason HS, Haq TA, Clements JD, Arntzen CJ (1998) Edible vaccine protects mice against Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin LT: potatoes expressing a synthetic LT-B gene. Vaccine 16:1336–1343

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuo K, Matsumura T (2010) Deletion of fucose residues in plant N-glycans by repression of the GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase gene using virus-induced gene silencing and RNA interference. Plant Biotechnol J 1–18:2010

    Google Scholar 

  • Mavituna AM (2005) Production of recombinant human serum albumin in transgenic plants and plant cells. Master of Science dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen, Hochschule, Aachen

    Google Scholar 

  • McElroy D, Blowers AD, Jenes B, Wu R (1991) Construction of expression vectors based on the rice actin 1 (Act1) 5′ region for use in monocot transformation. Mol Gen Genet MGG 231(1):150–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra S, Yadav DK, Tuli R (2006) Ubiquitin fusion enhances cholera toxin B subunit expression in transgenic plants and the plant-expressed protein binds GM1 receptors more efficiently. J Biotechnol 127:95–108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitsuhara I, Ugaki M, Hirochika H, Ohshima M, Murakami T, Gotoh Y, Katayose Y, Nakamura S, Honkura R, Nishimiya S, Ueno K, Mochizuki A, Tanimoto H, Tsugawa H, Otsuki Y, Ohashi Y (1996) Efficient promoter cassettes for enhanced expression of foreign genes in dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. Plant Cell Physiol 37:49–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyasaka H, Kanai S, Tanaka S, Akiyama H, Hirano M (2002) Statistical analysis of the relationship between translation initiation AUG context and gene expression level in humans. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66:667–669

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohan C, Jayanarayanan AN, Narayanan S (2017) Construction of a novel synthetic root-specific promoter and its characterization in transgenic tobacco plants. Biotechnol J 7(4):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Morishita K, Johnson DE, Williams LT (1995) A novel promoter for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (flt–1) that confers endothelial-specific gene expression. J Biol Chem 270(46):27948–27953

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mosa KA, Saadoun I, Kumar K, Helmy M, Dhankher OP (2016) Potential biotechnological strategies for the cleanup of heavy metals and metalloids. Front Plant Sci 7:303

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Murray EE, Lotzer J, Eberle M (1989) Codon usage in plant genes. Nucl Acid Res 17(2):477–498

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray EE, Rocheleau T, Eberle M, Stock C, Sekar V, Adang M (1991) Analysis of unstable RNA transcripts of insecticidal crystal protein genes of Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic plants and electroporated protoplasts. Plant Mol Biol 16:1035–1050

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray C, Sutherland PW, Phung MM, Lester MT, Marshall RK, Christeller JT (2002) Expression of biotin-binding proteins, avidin and streptavidin, in plant tissues using plant vacuolar targeting sequences. Transgenic Res 11:199–214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamiya K, Motohashi T, Nakao K, Prodhan SH, Hattori E, Hirose S et al (2007) Enhancement of salt tolerance in transgenic rice expressing an Escherichia coli catalase gene, katE. Plant Biotechnol Rep 1(1):49–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura N, Suzuki T, Shinbo Y, Chandler S, Tanaka Y (2020) Development of violet transgenic carnations and analysis of inserted transgenes. In: The carnation genome. Springer, Singapore, pp 135–146

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ni M, Chui D, Einstein J, Narasimhulu S, Vergara CE, Gelvin SB (1995) Strength and tissue specificity of chimeric promoter derived from octopine and mannopine synthase gene. Plant J 7:661–676

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ni M, Cui D, Einstein J, Narasimhulu S, Vergara CE, Gelvin SB (1995) Strength and tissue specificity of chimeric promoters derived from the octopine and mannopine synthase genes. Plant J 7:661–676

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noman A, Aqeel M, Deng J, Khalid N, Sanaullah T, Shuilin H (2017) Biotechnological advancements for improving floral attributes in ornamental plants. Front Plant Sci 8:530

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak W, Gawlowska M, Jarmolowski A, Augustyniak J (2001) Effect of nuclear matrix attachment regions on transgene expression in tobacco plants. Acta Biochem Pol 48:637–646

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odell JT, Nagy F, Chua NH (1985) Identification of DNA sequences required for activity of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Nature 313(6005):810–812

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ordon J, Bressan M, Kretschmer C, Dall’Osto L, Marillonnet S, Bassi R, Stuttmann J (2020) Optimized Cas9 expression systems for highly efficient Arabidopsis genome editing facilitate isolation of complex alleles in a single generation. Funct Integr Genomic 20(1):151–162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Outchkourov NS, Rogelj B, Strukelj B, Jongsma MA (2003) Expression of sea anemone equistatin in potato. Effect of plant proteases on heterologous protein production. Plant Physiol 133:379–390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Owen M, Gandecha A, Cockburn B, Whitelam GC (1992) Synthesis of a functional anti-phytochrome single-chain Fv protein in transgenic tobacco. Biotechnology (N Y) 10:790–794

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panahi M, Alli Z, Cheng X, Belbaraka L, Belgoudi J, Sardana R (2004) Recombinant protein expression plasmids optimized for industrial E. coli fermentation and plant systems produce biologically active human insulin-like growth factor-1 in transgenic rice and tobacco plants. Transgenic Res 13:245–259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park SH, Yi N, Kim YS, Jeong MH, Bang SW, Choi YD, Kim JK (2010) Analysis of five novel putative constitutive gene promoters in transgenic rice plants. J Exp Bot 61(9):2459–2467

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Patro S, Maiti IB, Dey N (2013) Development of an efficient bidirectional promoter with tripartite enhancer employing three viral promoters. Biotechnol J 163(3):311–317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peeters K, De Wilde C, Depicker A (2001) Highly efficient targeting and accumulation of a F(ab) fragment within the secretory pathway and apoplast of Arabidopsis thaliana. Eur J Biochem 268:4251–4260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelham HR (1989) Control of protein exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. Annu Rev Cell Biol 5:1–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peng RH, Yao Q-H, **ong A-S, Cheng Z-M, Li Y (2006) Codon-motifications and an endoplasmic reticulum-targeting sequence additively enhance expression of an Aspergillus phytase gene in transgenic canola. Plant Cell Rep 25:124–132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perlak FJ, Fuchs RL, Dean DA, McPherson SL, Fischhoff DA (1991) Modification of the coding sequences enhances plant expression of insect control protein genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:3324–3328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Petruccelli S, Otegui MS, Lareu F, Dinh OT, Fitchette AC, Circosta A (2006) A KDEL-tagged monoclonal antibody is efficiently retained in the endoplasmic reticulum in leaves, but is both partially secreted and stored to protein storage vacuoles in seed. Plant Biotech J 4:511–527

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pueyo JJ, Chrispeels MJ, Herman EM (1995) Degradation of transport-competent destabilized phaseolin with a signal for retention in the endoplasmic reticulum occurs in the vacuole. Planta 196:586–596

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramírez N, Ayala M, Lorenzo D, Palenzuela D, Herrera L, Doreste V, Pérez M, Gavilondo JV, Oramas P (2002) Expression of a single-chain Fv antibody fragment specific for the hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic tobacco plants. Trans Res 11:61–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranjan R, Dey N (2012) Development of vascular tissue and stress inducible hybrid–synthetic promoters through DOF–1 motifs rearrangement. Cell Biochem Biophys 63(3):235–245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ranjan R, Patro S, Pradhan B, Kumar A, Maiti IB, Dey N (2012) Development and functional analysis of novel genetic promoters using DNA shuffling, hybridization and a combination thereof. PLoS One 7(3):e31931

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rao KV, Rathore KS, Hodges TK, Fu X, Stoger E, Sudhakar D et al (1998) Expression of snowdrop lectin (GNA) in transgenic rice plants confers resistance to rice brown planthopper. Plant J 15(4):469–477

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rawat P, Singh AK, Ray K, Chaudhary B, Kumar S, Gautam T, Kanoria S, Kaur G, Kumar P, Pental D, Burma PK (2011) Detrimental effect of expression of Bt endotoxin Cry1Ac on in vitro regeneration, in vivo growth and development of tobacco and cotton transgenics. J Biosci 36:363–376

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rethmeier N, Seurinck J, Van Montagu M, Cornelissen M (1997) Intron-mediated enhancement of transgene expression in maize is a nuclear, gene-dependent process. Plant J 12:895–899

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose AB (2004) The effect of intron location on intron-mediated enhancement of gene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant J 40:744–751

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rouwendal GJ, Mendes O, Wolbert EJ, Douwe de Boer A (1997) Enhanced expression in tobacco of the gene encoding green fluorescent protein by modification of its codon usage. Plant Mol Biol 33:989–999

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruggiero F, Exposito JY, Bournat P, Gruber V, Perret S, Comte J, Olagnier B, Garrone R, Theisen M (2000) Triple helix assembly and processing of human collagen produced in transgenic tobacco plants. FEBS Lett 469(1):132–136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rugh CL, Senecoff JF, Meagher RB, Merkle SA (1998) Development of transgenic yellow poplar for mercury phytoremediation. Nature Biotechnol 16(10):925–928

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rushton PJ, Reinstadler A, Lipka V, Lippok B, Somssich IE (2002) Synthetic plant promoters containing defined regulatory elements provide novel insights into pathogen- and wound-induced signalling. Plant Cell 14:749–762

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rushton PJ, Reinstädler A, Lipka V, Lippok B, Somssich IE (2002) Synthetic plant promoters containing defined regulatory elements provide novel insights into pathogen-and wound-induced signaling. Plant Cell 14(4):749–762

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sardana RK, Alli Z, Dudani A, Tackaberry E, Panahi M, Narayanan M (2002) Biological activity of human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor is maintained in a fusion with seed glutelin peptide. Transgenic Res 11:521–531

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sawant SV, Singh PK, Gupta SK, Madanala R, Tuli R (1999) Conserved nucleotide sequence in highly expressed genes in plants. J Genet 78:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sawant SV, Kiran K, Singh PK, Tuli R (2001) Sequence architecture downstream of the initiator codon enhances gene expression and protein stability in plants. Plant Physiol 136:1630–1636

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sawant SV, Kiran K, Mehrotra R, Chaturvedi CP, Ansari SA, Singh P, Lodhi N, Tuli R (2005) A variety of synergistic and antagonistic interactions mediated by cis-acting DNA motifs regulate gene expression in plant cells and modulate stability of the transcription complex formed on a basal promoter. J Exp Bot 56(419):2345–2353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schillberg S, Zimmermann S, Voss A, Fischer R (1999) Apoplastic and cytosolic expression of full-size antibodies and antibody fragments in Nicotiana tabacum. Transgenic Res 8:255–263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schillberg S, Emans N, Fischer R (2002) Antibody molecular farming in plants and plant cells. Phytochem Rev 1:45–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schillberg S, Fischer R, Emans N (2003) Molecular farming of recombinant antibodies in plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 60:433–445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schiml S, Fauser F, Puchta H (2014) The CRISPR/C as system can be used as nuclease for in planta gene targeting and as paired nickases for directed mutagenesis in Arabidopsis resulting in heritable progeny. Plant J 80(6):1139–1150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmülling T, Schell J, Spena A (1989) Promoters of the rol A, B, and C genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes are differentially regulated in transgenic. Plant Cell 1(7):665–670

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schouten A, Roosien J, de Boer JM, Wilmink A, Rosso MN, Bosch D, Stiekema WJ, Gommers FJ, Bakker J, Schots A (1997) Improving scFv antibody expression levels in the plant cytosol. FEBS Lett 415:235–241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schouten A, Roosien J, van Engelen FA, de Jong GA, Borst-Vrenssen AW, Zilverentant JF, Bosch D, Stiekema WJ, Gommers FJ, Schots A, Bakker J (1996) The C-terminal KDEL sequence increases the expression level of a single-chain antibody designed to be targeted to both the cytosol and the secretory pathway in transgenic tobacco. Plant Mol Biol 30:781–793

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scranton MA, Ostrand JT, Georgianna DR, Lofgren SM, Li D, Ellis RC, Carruthers DN, Dräger A, Masica DL, Mayfield SP (2016) Synthetic promoters capable of driving robust nuclear gene expression in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Algal Res 15:135–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shan Q, Wang Y, Chen K, Liang Z, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Liu J, Voytas DF, Zheng X, Zhang Y (2013) Rapid and efficient gene modification in rice and Brachypodium using TALENs. Mol Plant 6(4):1365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shani N, Rosenberg N, Kasarda DD, Galili G (1994) Mechanism of assembly of wheat high molecular weight glutenins inferred from expression of wild-type and mutant subunits in transgenic tobacco. J Biol Chem 269:8924–8930

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma AK, Sharma MK (2009) Plants as bioreactors: recent developments and emerging opportunities. Biotechnol Adv 27(16):811–832

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma MK, Jani D, Thungapathra M, Gautam JK, Meena LS, Singh Y (2008) Expression of accessory colonization factor subunit A (ACFA) of Vibrio cholerae and ACFA fused to cholera toxin B subunit in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). J Biotechnol 135:22–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd CT, Scott MP (2009) Construction and evaluation of a maize (Zea mays) chimaeric promoter with activity in kernel endosperm and embryo. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 52(3):233–243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shokouhifar F, Zamani MR, Motallebi M, Mousavi A, Malboobi MA (2011) Construction and functional analysis of pathogen-inducible synthetic promoters in Brassica napus. Biol Plant 55(4):689

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shu Q, Ye G, Cui H, Cheng X, **ang Y, Wu D et al (2000) Transgenic rice plants with a synthetic cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis were highly resistant to eight lepidopteran rice pest species. Mol Breed 6(4):433–439

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sijmons PC, Dekker BM, Schrammeijer B, Verwoerd TC, van den Elzen PJ, Hoekema A (1990) Production of correctly processed human serum albumin in transgenic plants. Biotechnology 8:217–221

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SP, Gruissem W, Bhullar NK (2017) Single genetic locus improvement of iron, zinc and β-carotene content in rice grains. Sci Rep 7(1):1–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smale ST, Kadonaga JT (2003) The RNA polymerase II core promoter. Annu Rev Biochem 72:449–479

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith ML, Mason HS, Shuler ML (2002) Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) expression in plant cell culture: kinetics of antigen accumulation in batch culture and its intracellular form. Biotechnol Bioeng 80:812–822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sojikul P, Buehner N, Mason HS (2003) A plant signal peptide-hepatitis B surface antigen fusion protein with enhanced stability and immunogenicity expressed in plant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(5):2209–2214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Somerville C, Somerville S (1999) Plant functional genomics. Science 285:380–383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song XY, Zhu WJ, Tang RM, Cai JH, Chen M, Yang Q (2016) Over-expression of StLCYb increases β-carotene accumulation in potato tubers. Plant Biotechnol Rep 10(2):95–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staub J, Garcia B, Graves J, Hajdukiewicz P, Hunter P, Nehra N, Paradkar V, Schlittler M, Carroll J, Spatola L, Ward D, Ye G, Russell D (2000) High-yield production of a human therapeutic protein in tobacco chloroplasts. Nat Biotechnol 18:333–338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoger E, Vaquero C, Torres E, Sack M, Nicholson L, Drossard J (2000) Cereal crops as viable production and storage systems for pharmaceutical scFv antibodies. Plant Mol Biol 42:583–590

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoger E, Sack M, Perrin Y, Vaquero C, Torres E, Twyman RM, Christou P, Fischer R (2002) Practical considerations for pharmaceutical antibody production in different crop systems. Mol Breed 9(3):149–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storozhenko S, De Brouwer V, Volckaert M, Navarrete O, Blancquaert D, Zhang GF et al (2007) Folate fortification of rice by metabolic engineering. Nat Biotechnol 25(11):1277–1279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Streatfield SJ (2007) Approaches to achieve high-level heterologous protein production in plants. Plant Biotechnol J 5:2–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sunkara S, Bhatnagar-Mathur P, Sharma KK (2014) Isolation and functional characterization of a novel seed-specific promoter region from peanut. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 172(1):325–339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suo G, Chen B, Zhang J, Duan Z, He Z, Yao W, Yue C, Dai J (2006) Effects of codon modification on human BMP2 gene expression in tobacco plants. Plant Cell Rep 25:689–697

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tabashnik BE, Dennehy TJ, Sims MA, Larkin K, Head GP, Moar WJ, Carriere Y (2002) Control of resistant pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) by transgenic cotton that produces Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry2Ab. Appl Environ Microbiol 68(8):3790–3794

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tao YB, He LL, Niu LJ, Xu ZF (2015) Isolation and characterization of an ubiquitin extension protein gene (JcUEP) promoter from Jatropha curcas. Planta 241(4):823–836

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tashkandi M, Ali Z, Aljedaani F, Shami A, Mahfouz MM (2018) Engineering resistance against tomato yellow leaf curl virus via the CRISPR/Cas9 system in tomato. Plant Signal Behav 13(10):e1525996

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tavladoraki P, Benvenuto E, Trinca S, De Martinis D, Cattaneo A, Galeffi P (1993) Transgenic plants expressing a functional single-chain Fv antibody are specifically protected from virus attack. Nature 366:469–472

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teli NP, Timko MP (2004) Recent developments in the use of transgenic plants for the production of human therapeutics and biopharmaceuticals. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 79:125–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Torres JB, Ruberson, JR, Whitehouse M (2009) Transgenic cotton for sustainable pest management: a review. Organic Farming, Pest Control and Remediation of Soil Pollutants 15–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuboi T, Takeo S, Iriko H, ** L, Tsuchimochi M, Matsuda S, Han ET, Otsuki H, Kaneko O, Sattabongkot J, Udomsangpetch R, Sawasaki T, Torii M, Endo Y (2008) Wheat germ cell-free system-based production of malaria proteins for discovery of novel vaccine candidates. Infect Immun 76(4):1702–1708

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Twyman RM, Stoger E, Schillberg S, Christou P, Fischer R (2003) Molecular farming in plants: host systems and expression technology. Trends Biotechnol 21:570–578

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tyc K, Konarska M, Gross HJ, Filipowicz W (1984) Multiple ribosome binding to the 5′-terminal leader sequence of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. Assembly of an 80S ribosome X mRNA complex at the AUU codon. Eur J Biochem 140:503–511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tzafrir I, Torbert KA, Lockhart BE, Somers DA, Olszewski NE (1998) The sugarcane bacilliform badnavirus promoter is active in both monocots and dicots. Plant Mol Biol 38(3):347–356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Does D, Leon-Reyes A, Koornneef A, Van Verk MC, Rodenburg N, Pauwels L et al (2013) Salicylic acid suppresses jasmonic acid signaling downstream of SCFCOI1–JAZ by targeting GCC promoter motifs via transcription factor ORA59. Plant Cell 25(2):744–761

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Geest AH, Hall TC (1997) The β–phaseolin 5′ matrix attachment region acts as an enhancer facilitator. Plant Mol Biol 33(3):553–557

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Engelen FA, Schouten A, Molthoff JW, Roosien J, Salinas J, Dirkse WG, Schots A, Bakker J, Gommers FJ, Jongsma MA (1994) Coordinate expression of antibody subunit genes yields high levels of functional antibodies in roots of transgenic tobacco. Plant Mol Biol 26:1701–1710

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaquero C, Sack M, Schuster F, Finnern R, Drossard J, Schumann D, Reimann A, Fischer R (2002) A carcinoembryonic antigen-specific diabody produced in tobacco. FASEB J 16:408–410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venter M (2007) Synthetic promoters: genetic control through cis engineering. Trends Plant Sci 12:118–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitale A, Ceriotti A, Denecke J (1993) The role of the endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis, modification and intracellular transport. J Exp Bot 44:1417–1444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wandelt CI, Khan MRI, Craig S, Schroeder HE, Spencer D, Higgens TJV (1992) Vicilin with carboxy-terminal KDEL is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and accumulates to high levels in the leaves of transgenic plants. Plant J 2:181–192

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang ET, Sandberg R, Luo S, Khrebtukova I, Zhang L, Mayr C, Kingsmore SF, Schroth GP, Burge CB (2008) Alternative isoform regulation in human tissue transcriptomes. Nature 456(7221):470–476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang P, Du Y, Zhao X, Miao Y, Song CP (2013) The MPK6–ERF6–ROS-responsive cis-acting Element7/GCC box complex modulates oxidative gene transcription and the oxidative response in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 161(3):1392–1408

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang WC, Wu CY, Lai YC, Lin NS, Hsu YH, Hu CC (2014) Characterization of the cryptic AV3 promoter of Ageratum yellow vein virus in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. PLoS One 9(9):e108608

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang XG, Zhang GH, Liu CX, Zhang YH, **ao CZ, Fang RX (2001) Purified cholera toxin B subunit from transgenic tobacco plants possesses authentic antigenicity. Biotechnol Bioeng 72:490–494

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang R, Zhu M, Ye R, Liu Z, Zhou F, Chen H, Lin Y (2015) Novel green tissue-specific synthetic promoters and cis–regulatory elements in rice. Sci Rep 5(1):1–1

    Google Scholar 

  • Wever W, McCallum EJ, Chakravorty D, Cazzonelli CI, Botella JR (2010) The 5′ untranslated region of the VR–ACS1 mRNA acts as a strong translational enhancer in plants. Transgenic Res 19(4):667–674

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilde CD, Houdt HV, Buck SD, Angenon G, Jaeger GD, Depicker A (2000) Plant as bioreactors for protein production: avoiding the problem of transgenic silencing. Plant Mol Biol 43:347–359

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson IB (2002) Glycosylation of proteins in plants and invertebrates. Curr Opin Struct Biol 12(5):569–577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wirth S, Calamante G, Mentaberry A, Bussmann L, Lattanzi M, Baranao L, Bravo-Almonacid F (2004) Expression of active human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) in tobacco plants by integrative and non-integrative systems. Mol Breed 13:23–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong EY, Hironaka CM, Fischhoff DA (1992) Arabidopsis thaliana small subunit leader and transit peptide enhance the expression of Bacillus thuringiensis proteins in transgenic plants. Plant Mol Biol 20:81–93

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • **ao K, Zhang C, Harrison M, Wang ZY (2005) Isolation and characterization of a novel plant promoter that directs strong constitutive expression of transgenes in plants. Mol Plant Breed 15(2):221–231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu D, Duan X, Wang B, Hong B, Ho TH, Wu R (1996) Expression of a late embryogenesis abundant protein gene, HVA1, from barley confers tolerance to water deficit and salt stress in transgenic rice. Plant Physiol 110(1):249–257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Xu D, Xue Q, McElroy D, Mawal Y, Hilder VA, Wu R (1996) Constitutive expression of a cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene, CpTi, in transgenic rice plants confers resistance to two major rice insect pests. Mol Breed 2(2):167–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan J, Kandianis CB, Harjes CE, Bai L, Kim EH, Yang X et al (2010) Rare genetic variation at Zea mays crtRB1 increases β-carotene in maize grain. Nat Gen 42(4):322–327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Barr LA, Fahnestock SR, Liu ZB (2005) High yield recombinant silk-like protein production in transgenic plants through protein targeting. Transgenic Res 14:313–324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Z, Chen H, Tang W, Hua H, Lin Y (2011) Development and characterization of transgenic rice expressing two Bacillus thuringiensis genes. Pest Manag Sci 67(4):414–422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang D, Wu L, Hwang YS, Chen L, Huang N (2001) Expression of the REB transcriptional activator in rice grains improves the yield of recombinant proteins whose genes are controlled by a Reb-responsive promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:11438–11443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang QQ, Zhang CQ, Chan ML, Zhao DS, Chen JZ, Wang Q et al (2016) Biofortification of rice with the essential amino acid lysine: molecular characterization, nutritional evaluation, and field performance. J Exp Bot 67(14):4285–4296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yi D, Yang W, Tang J, Wang L, Fang Z, Liu Y et al (2016) High resistance of transgenic cabbage plants with a synthetic cry1Ia8 gene from Bacillus thuringiensis against two lepidopteran species under field conditions. Pest Manag Sci 72(2):315–321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida K, Shinmyo A (2000) Transgene expression systems in plant, a natural bioreactor. J Biosci Bioeng 90:353–362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yunus AM, Parveez GKA, Ho C (2008) Transgenic plants producing polyhydroxyalkanoates. Asia Pac J Mol Biol Biotechnol 16:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Zavallo D, Bilbao ML, Hopp HE, Heinz R (2010) Isolation and functional characterization of two novel seed–specific promoters from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Plant Cell Rep 29(3):239–248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C, Gai Y, Wang W, Zhu Y, Chen X, Jiang X (2008) Construction and analysis of a plant transformation binary vector pBDGG harboring a bi-directional promoter fusing dual visible reporter genes. J Genet Genomics 35:245–249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Wu R (1988) Efficient regeneration of transgenic plants from rice protoplasts and correctly regulated expression of the foreign gene in the plants. Theor Appl Genet 76(6):835–840

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng GG, Yang YH, Rao Q, Lin YM, Zhang B, Wu KF (2006) Expression of bioactive human M-CSF soluble receptor in transgenic tobacco plants. Protein Expr Purif 46(2):367–373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Liu WJ, Peng SW, Sun XY, Frazer I (1999) Papillomavirus capsid protein expression level depends on the match between codon usage and tRNA availability. J Virol 73:4972–4982

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou J, Yang Y, Wang X, Yu F, Yu C, Chen J, Cheng Y, Yan C, Chen J (2013) Enhanced transgene expression in rice following selection controlled by weak promoters. BMC Biotechnol 13(1):1–2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegelhoffer T, Raasch JA, Austin-Phillips S (2001) Dramatic effects of truncation and sub-cellular targeting on the accumulation of recombinant microbial cellulase in tobacco. Mol Breeding 8:147–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann S, Schillberg S, Liao YC, Fischer R (1998) Intracellular expression of a TMV-specific single chain Fv fragment leads to improved virus resistance in Nicotiana tabacum. Mol Breed 4:369–379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuo J, Chua NH (2000) Chemical-inducible systems for regulated expression of plant genes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 11:146–151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

    Bhupendra Koul

Authors
  1. Bhupendra Koul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Koul, B. (2022). Strategies for Enhancement of Transgene Expression. In: Cisgenics and Transgenics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2119-3_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation