Pests and Their Management in Fig

Abstract

The insect pests of fig include the stem borer Batocera rufomaculata; carpenter worm Prionoxystus robiniae; cock chaffer beetles Adoretus duvaucelii, A. horticola, A. lasiopygus and A. versutus and Brahmina coriacea; fig midges Anjeerodiplosis peshawarensis and Udumbaria nainiensis; fig leaf rollers Phycodes minor and P. radiata; leaf-eating caterpillars Trilocha varians, Diaphania itysalis, D. pyloalis, D. stolalis, Perina nuda, Asota ficus, Asota caricae and Asota alciphron, Selepa celtis and Spodoptera litura, Acanthodelta janata, Badamia exclamationis, Hyposidra talaca, Cirrhochrista fumipalpis, Euploea core, Glyphodes bivitralis and Somena scintillans; fruit beetles Carpophilus hemipterus, C. freemani and C. mutilatus; fruit flies Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera correcta and D. zonatus; almond moth Cadra cautella; mealybug like Drosicha stebbingi, Icerya purchasi, Icerya aegyptiaca and Perissopneumon tamarindus, Ceroplastes actiniformis, Ceroplastes floridensis, Ceroplastes ceriferus, Ceroplastes stellifer, Coccus discrepans, Lecanium ramakrishnae and Saissetia oleae, hard scales Aonidiella aurantii, Aspidiotus destructor, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Lepidosaphes conchiformis, Leucaspis riecae, Parlatoria oleae and Pinnaspis aspidistrae; leaf hopper Velu caricae; and thrips Gigantothrips elegans, Gynaikothrips uzeli and Thrips tabaci. The other pests also include the stem-boring beetles including Batocera rubus, Aclees cribratus, Apriona cinerea, Apriona rugicollis, Olenecamptus bilobus, and Rhytidodera sp.; mealybugs Nipaecoccus viridis, Planococcus citri, Planococcus lilacinus and Pseudococcus longispinus, A.K. grasshopper Poekilocerus pictus; leaf hoppers Kolla diaphana, Erythroneura spp. and Nirvana spp.; psyllid Dinopsylla grandis and Pauropsylla depressa; spittle bug Cosmoscarta niteara, Riptortus linearis, Altica caerulescens, Myllocerus blandus and M. maculosus; vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, Amritodus atkinsoni, Acanthodelta janata, Stromatium barbatum, Greenidea sp. and Zanchiophylus hyaloviridis; darkling beetle Blapstinus fuliginosus; and fig beetle Cotinis texana. Non-insect pests include the mites Aceria fici, Rhyncaphytoptus ficifoliae, Eriophyes ficivorus, Cheletogenus ornatus, Eotetranychus hirsti and Tetranychus neocaledonicus and the nematodes Meloidogyne sp., Hemicycliophora arenaria, Helicotylenchus multicinctus, Hoplolaimus sp. and **phinema sp.