Abstract
In this chapter, we first introduce nine metrics measuring network topology robustness, and then present several advanced topology optimization algorithms based on small world and scale-free network models. Before optimizing network topology, we should know the definition of robustness and what is important for network topology. Nevertheless, robustness optimization algorithms are essential for IoT applications to provide robust communication supports. This chapter outlines the preliminaries of related works about the robustness optimization for IoT applications, which is better for readers to easily understand the content of the book.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bauer, D., Boesch, F., Suffel, C., & Tindell, R (1981). Connectivity extremal problems and the design of reliable probabilistic networks. In The Theory and Application of Graphs (pp. 89–98).
Harary, F. (1983). Conditional connectivity. Networks, 13(3), 347–357.
Fiedler, M. (1973). Algebraic connectivity of graphs. Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal, 23(2):298–305.
Jamakovic, A., & Uhlig, S. (2007). Influence of the network structure on robustness. In 2007 15th IEEE International Conference on Networks (pp. 278–283). New York: IEEE.
Wu, J., Barahona, M., Tan, Y.-J., & Deng, H.-Z. (2011). Spectral measure of structural robustness in complex networks. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and Humans, 41(6):1244–1252.
Schneider, C. M., Moreira, A. A., Andrade, J. S., Havlin, S., & Herrmann, H. J. (2011). Mitigation of malicious attacks on networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(10):3838–3841.
Li, R., Yu, J. X., Huang, X., Cheng, H., & Shang, Z. (2014). Measuring the impact of mvc attack in large complex networks. Information Sciences, 278, 685–702.
Mishkovski, I., Biey, M., & Kocarev, L. (2011). Vulnerability of complex networks. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 16(1):341–349.
Tizghadam, A., & Leongarcia, A. (2010). Autonomic traffic engineering for network robustness. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 28(1):39–50.
Scellato, S., Leontiadis, I., Mascolo, C., Basu, P., & Zafer, M. (2013). Evaluating temporal robustness of mobile networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 12(1), 105–117.
Koç, Y., Warnier, M., Kooij, R. E., & Brazier, F. M. T. (2013). An entropy-based metric to quantify the robustness of power grids against cascading failures. Safety Science, 59:126–134.
Koc, Y., Warnier, M., Van Mieghem, P., Kooij, R. E., & Brazier, F. M. T. (2014). The impact of the topology on cascading failures in a power grid model. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 402:169–179.
Cuadra, L., Salcedo-Sanz, S., Del Ser, J., Jiménez-Fernández, S., & Geem, Z. (2015). A critical review of robustness in power grids using complex networks concepts. Energies, 8(9), 9211–9265.
Albert, R., Jeong, H., & Barabasi, A.. Error and attack tolerance of complex networks. Nature, 406(6794):378–382.
Callaway, D. S., Newman, M. E. J., Strogatz, S. H., & Watts, D. J. (2000). Network robustness and fragility: Percolation on random graphs. Physical Review Letters, 85(25):5468–5471.
Cohen, R., Erez, K., Benavraham, D., & Havlin, S. (2001). Breakdown of the internet under intentional attack. Physical Review Letters, 86(16):3682–3685.
Cohen, R., Erez, K., ben Avraham, D., & Havlin, S. (2000). Resilience of the internet to random breakdowns. Physical Review Letters, 85:4626–4628.
Wu, J., Deng, H., Tan, Y., & Zhu, D. (2007). Vulnerability of complex networks under intentional attack with incomplete information. Journal of Physics A, 40(11):2665–2671.
Zeng, A., & Liu, W. (2012). Enhancing network robustness against malicious attacks. Physical Review E, 85(6):066130.
Kasthurirathna, D., Piraveenan, M., & Thedchanamoorthy, G. (2013). On the influence of topological characteristics on robustness of complex networks. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research, 3(2):89–100.
Qiu, T., Liu, J., Si, W., Han, M., Ning, H., & Atiquzzaman, M. (2017). A data-driven robustness algorithm for the internet of things in smart cities. IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(12), 18–23.
Louzada, V. H. P., Daolio, F., Herrmann, H. J., & Tomassini, M. (2013). Smart rewiring for network robustness. Journal of Complex networks, 1(2):150–159.
Zhou, M., & Liu, J. (2016). A two-phase multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for enhancing the robustness of scale-free networks against multiple malicious attacks. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, 47(2):539–552.
Cohen, R., & Havlin, S. (2010). Complex networks: Structure, robustness and function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Watts, D. J., & Strogatz, S. H. (1998). Collective dynamics of small-worldnetworks. Nature, 393(6684):440–442.
Helmy, A. (2003). Small worlds in wireless networks. IEEE Communications Letters, 7(10):490–492.
Dixit, S., Yanmaz, E., & Tonguz, O. K. (2005). On the design of self-organized cellular wireless networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 43(7):86–93.
Brust, M. R., Ribeiro, C. H. C., Turgut, D., & Rothkugel, S. (2010). Lswtc: A local small-world topology control algorithm for backbone-assisted mobile ad hoc networks. In IEEE Local Computer Network Conference (pp. 144–151).
Tan, M., Yang, T., Chen, X., Yang, G., Zhu, G., Holme, P., & Zhao, J. (2018). A game-theoretic approach to optimize ad hoc networks inspired by small-world network topology. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 494:129–139.
Hawick, K. A., & James, H. A. (2010). Small-world effects in wireless agent sensor networks. International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing, 4(3):155–164.
Guidoni, D. L., Mini, R. A. F., & Loureiro, A. A. F. (2010). On the design of resilient heterogeneous wireless sensor networks based on small world concepts. Computer Networks, 54(8):1266–1281.
Guidoni, D. L., Mini, R. A. F., & Loureiro, A. A. F. (2012). Applying the small world concepts in the design of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. IEEE Communications Letters, 16(7):953–955.
Liu, L., Qi, X., Xue, J., & **e, M. (2014). A topology construct and control model with small-world and scale-free concepts for heterogeneous sensor networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 10(3):374251.
Huang, R., Chu, X., Zhang, J., & Hu, Y. H. (2017). Scale-free topology optimization for software-defined wireless sensor networks: A cyber-physical system. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 13(6):1550147717713626.
Toyonaga, S., Kominami, D., & Murata, M. (2015). Brain-inspired method for constructing a robust virtual wireless sensor network. In 2015 International Conference on Computing and Network Communications (CoCoNet) (pp. 59–65). New York: IEEE.
Luo, D., Qiu, T., Deonauth, N., & Zhao, A. (2015). A small world model for improving robustness of heterogeneous networks. In 2015 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP) (pp. 849–852). New York: IEEE.
Qiu, T., Luo, D., **a, F., Deonauth, N., Si, W., & Tolba, A. (2016). A greedy model with small world for improving the robustness of heterogeneous internet of things. Computer Networks, 101:127–143.
Huang, W.-Q., Zhuang, X.-T., & Yao, S. (2009). A network analysis of the chinese stock market. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 388(14):2956–2964.
Li, X., Wang, Q., & Jia, S. (2017). Analysis of topological properties of complex network of chinese stock based on copula tail correlation. In 2017 International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (pp. 1–6). New York: IEEE.
Zhang, W., & Zhuang, X. (2019). The stability of Chinese stock network and its mechanism. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 515:748–761.
**, Y., Zhang, Q., & Li, S.-P. (2016). Topological properties and community detection of venture capital network: Evidence from China. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 442:300–311.
Pagani, G. A., & Aiello, M. (2013). The power grid as a complex network: A survey. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 392(11):2688–2700.
Ding, M., & Han, P. (2006). Reliability assessment to large-scale power grid based on small-world topological model. In 2006 International Conference on Power System Technology (pp. 1–5). New York: IEEE.
Guo, W., Wang, H., & Wu, Z. (2018). Robustness analysis of complex networks with power decentralization strategy via flow-sensitive centrality against cascading failures. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 494:186–199.
Pepyne, D. L. (2007). Topology and cascading line outages in power grids. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, 16(2):202–221.
Wang, J.-W., & Rong, L.-L. (2011). Robustness of the western united states power grid under edge attack strategies due to cascading failures. Safety Science, 49(6):807–812.
Wang, X., Koç, Y., Kooij, R. E., & Van Mieghem, P. (2015). A network approach for power grid robustness against cascading failures. In 2015 7th International Workshop on Reliable Networks Design and Modeling (RNDM) (pp. 208–214). New York: IEEE.
Colak, I., Sagiroglu, S., Fulli, G., Yesilbudak, M., & Covrig, C.-F. (2016). A survey on the critical issues in smart grid technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54:396–405.
Cuadra, L., Pino, M., Nieto-Borge, J., & Salcedo-Sanz, S. (2017). Optimizing the structure of distribution smart grids with renewable generation against abnormal conditions: A complex networks approach with evolutionary algorithms. Energies, 10(8):1097.
Buldyrev, S. V., Parshani, R., Paul, G., Stanley, H. E., & Havlin, S. (2010). Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks. Nature, 464(7291):1025.
Chai, W. K., Kyritsis, V., Katsaros, K. V., & Pavlou, G. (2016). Resilience of interdependent communication and power distribution networks against cascading failures. In 2016 IFIP Networking Conference (IFIP Networking) and Workshops (pp. 37–45). New York: IEEE.
Kang, W., Zhu, P., & Hu, G. (2018). Cascading failure based on load redistribution of a smart grid with different coupling modes. In International Conference on Computational Science (pp. 328–340). New York: Springer.
Derrible, S., & Kennedy, C. (2010). The complexity and robustness of metro networks. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 389(17):3678–3691.
Zhang, D.-M., Du, F., Huang, H., Zhang, F., Ayyub, B. M., & Beer, M. (2018). Resiliency assessment of urban rail transit networks: Shanghai metro as an example. Safety Science, 106:230–243.
Masucci, A. P., Stanilov, K., & Batty, M. (2014). Exploring the evolution of london’s street network in the information space: A dual approach. Physical Review E, 89(1):012805.
Meng, X., Jia, L., **e, J., Qin, Y., & Xu, J. (2010). Complex characteristic analysis of passenger train flow network. In 2010 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (pp. 2533–2536). New York: IEEE.
Huang, A., Michael Zhang, H., Guan, W., Yang, Y., & Zong, G. (2015). Cascading failures in weighted complex networks of transit systems based on coupled map lattices. In Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2015.
Suto, K., Nishiyama, H., Kato, N., Nakachi, T., Fujii, T., & Takahara, A. (2013). THUP: A P2P network robust to churn and dos attack based on bimodal degree distribution. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 31(9):247–256.
Tanizawa, T., Paul, G., Cohen, R., Havlin, S., & Stanley, H. E. (2005). Optimization of network robustness to waves of targeted and random attacks. Physical Review E, 71(4):047101.
Sonawane, A. R., Bhattacharyay, A., Santhanam, M. S., & Ambika, G. (2012). Evolving networks with bimodal degree distribution. The European Physical Journal B, 85(4):118.
**ao, S., **ao, G., Cheng, T. H., Ma, S., Fu, X., & Soh, H. (2010). Robustness of scale-free networks under rewiring operations. EPL (Europhysics Letters), 89(3):38002.
Herrmann, H. J., Schneider, C. M., Moreira, A. A., Andrade, J. S. Jr., & Havlin, S. (2011). Onion-like network topology enhances robustness against malicious attacks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2011(01):P01027.
Buesser, P., Daolio, F., & Tomassini, M. (2011). Optimizing the robustness of scale-free networks with simulated annealing. In International Conference on Adaptive and Natural Computing Algorithms (pp. 167–176). New York: Springer.
Zhao, K., Kumar, A., & Yen, J. (2010). Achieving high robustness in supply distribution networks by rewiring. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 58(2):347–362.
Tanizawa, T., Havlin, S., & Stanley, H. E. (2012). Robustness of onionlike correlated networks against targeted attacks. Physical Review E, 85(4):046109.
Zheng, G., & Liu, Q. (2013). Scale-free topology evolution for wireless sensor networks. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 39(6):1779–1788.
Zhou, M., & Liu, J. (2014). A memetic algorithm for enhancing the robustness of scale-free networks against malicious attacks. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 410:131–143.
Peng, H., Si, S., Awad, M. K., Zhang, N., Zhao, H., & Shen, X. S. (2016). Toward energy-efficient and robust large-scale wsns: a scale-free network approach. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 34(12):4035–4047.
Qiu, T., Zhao, A., **a, F., Si, W., & Wu, D. O. (2017). Rose: Robustness strategy for scale-free wireless sensor networks. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 25(5):2944–2959.
Paterson, J., & Ombuki-Berman, B. (2018). Optimizing scale-free network robustness with the great deluge algorithm. In International Conference on Industrial, Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems (pp. 434–446). New York: Springer.
Rong, L., & Liu, J. (2018). A heuristic algorithm for enhancing the robustness of scale-free networks based on edge classification. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 503:503–515.
Hu, S., & Li, G. (2018). Fault-tolerant clustering topology evolution mechanism of wireless sensor networks. IEEE Access, 6:28085–28096.
Newman, M. E. J. (2002). Assortative mixing in networks. Physical Review Letters, 89(20):208701.
Liu, J., Qiu, T., Zhang, S., Qu, W., & Sun, Q. (2018). A three dimensions deployment model for internet of things. In 2018 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design ((CSCWD)) (pp. 859–863). New York: IEEE.
Qiu, T., Liu, J., Si, W., & Wu, D. O. (2019). Robustness optimization scheme with multi-population co-evolution for scale-free wireless sensor networks. In IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2019
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Qiu, T., Chen, N., Zhang, S. (2022). Preliminaries of Robustness Optimization. In: Robustness Optimization for IoT Topology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9609-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9609-1_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-9608-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-9609-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)