Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs (~22 nucleotides) that regulate transcriptional and translational processes. In particular, miRNAs act as a link between immune response and tumor development by regulating the activation and recruitment of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, resulting in immune modulation through the secretion of immune stimulating or immunosuppressive factors and thus contributing to oncogenesis. MiRNA immune gene therapy has the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment since it allows for cell treatment and reintroduction into the patient, while also providing higher safety margins than other conventional therapies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akbari A, Ghahremani MH, Mobini GR, Abastabar M, Akhtari J, Bolhassani M et al (2015) Down-regulation of miR-135b in colon adenocarcinoma induced by a TGF-β receptor I kinase inhibitor (SD-208). Iran J Basic Med Sci 18(9):856
Akinleye A, Rasool Z (2019) Immune checkpoint inhibitors of PD-L1 as cancer therapeutics. J Hematol Oncol 12(1):1–13
Alsaab HO, Sau S, Alzhrani R, Tatiparti K, Bhise K, Kashaw SK et al (2017) PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint signaling inhibition for cancer immunotherapy: mechanism, combinations, and clinical outcome. Front Pharmacol 8:561
Anastasiadou E, Stroopinsky D, Alimperti S, Jiao AL, Pyzer AR, Cippitelli C et al (2019) Epstein− Barr virus-encoded EBNA2 alters immune checkpoint PD-L1 expression by downregulating miR-34a in B-cell lymphomas. Leukemia 33(1):132–147
Azoury SC, Straughan DM, Shukla V (2015) Immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer therapy: clinical efficacy and safety. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 15(6):452–462
Baroni S, Romero-Cordoba S, Plantamura I, Dugo M, D’ippolito E, Cataldo A et al (2016) Exosome-mediated delivery of miR-9 induces cancer-associated fibroblast-like properties in human breast fibroblasts. Cell Death Dis 7(7):e2312
Barrueto L, Caminero F, Cash L, Makris C, Lamichhane P, Deshmukh RR (2020) Resistance to checkpoint inhibition in cancer immunotherapy. Transl Oncol 13(3):100738
Bhaskaran M, Mohan M (2014) MicroRNAs: history, biogenesis, and their evolving role in animal development and disease. Vet Pathol 51(4):759–774
Bremnes RM, Dønnem T, Al-Saad S, Al-Shibli K, Andersen S, Sirera R et al (2011) The role of tumor stroma in cancer progression and prognosis: emphasis on carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 6(1):209–217
Bruno A, Mortara L, Baci D, Noonan DM, Albini A (2019) Myeloid derived suppressor cells interactions with natural killer cells and pro-angiogenic activities: roles in tumor progression. Front Immunol 10:771
Burnet F (1970) The concept of immunological surveillance. Immunol Aspects Neoplasia 13:1–27
Chaudhary B, Elkord E (2016) Regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression: role and therapeutic targeting. Vaccine 4(3):28
Chen C, Liu J-m, Luo Y-p (2020) MicroRNAs in tumor immunity: functional regulation in tumor-associated macrophages. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 21(1):12–28
Chen D, Yang X, Liu M, Zhang Z, **ng E (2021) Roles of miRNA dysregulation in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. Cancer Gene Ther 28:1256–1268
Cheng J, Chen Y, Zhao P, Liu X, Dong J, Li J et al (2016) Downregulation of miRNA-638 promotes angiogenesis and growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting VEGF. Oncotarget 7(21):30702
Chung SS, Hu W, Park CY (2011) The role of microRNAs in hematopoietic stem cell and leukemic stem cell function. Therap Adv Hematol 2(5):317–334
Cobb BS, Nesterova TB, Thompson E, Hertweck A, O’Connor E, Godwin J et al (2005) T cell lineage choice and differentiation in the absence of the RNase III enzyme dicer. J Exp Med 201(9):1367–1373
Conti I, Varano G, Simioni C, Laface I, Milani D, Rimondi E et al (2020) miRNAs as influencers of cell–cell communication in tumor microenvironment. Cell 9(1):220
Corrales L, Matson V, Flood B, Spranger S, Gajewski TF (2017) Innate immune signaling and regulation in cancer immunotherapy. Cell Res 27(1):96–108
Cortez MA, Anfossi S, Ramapriyan R, Menon H, Atalar SC, Aliru M et al (2019) Role of miRNAs in immune responses and immunotherapy in cancer. Genes Chromosom Cancer 58(4):244–253
Cristino AS, Nourse J, West RA, Sabdia MB, Law SC, Gunawardana J et al (2019) EBV microRNA-BHRF1-2-5p targets the 3′ UTR of immune checkpoint ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2. Blood 134(25):2261–2270
Cuiffo BG, Campagne A, Bell GW, Lembo A, Orso F, Lien EC et al (2014) MSC-regulated microRNAs converge on the transcription factor FOXP2 and promote breast cancer metastasis. Cell Stem Cell 15(6):762–774
Ding L, Gu H, **ong X, Ao H, Cao J, Lin W et al (2019) MicroRNAs involved in carcinogenesis, prognosis, therapeutic resistance, and applications in human triple-negative breast cancer. Cell 8(12):1492
Dong Y, Sun Q, Zhang X (2017) PD-1 and its ligands are important immune checkpoints in cancer. Oncotarget 8(2):2171
Facciabene A, Motz GT, Coukos G (2012) T-regulatory cells: key players in tumor immune escape and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 72(9):2162–2171
Fares J, Fares MY, Khachfe HH, Salhab HA, Fares Y (2020) Molecular principles of metastasis: a hallmark of cancer revisited. Signal Transduct Target Ther 5(1):1–17
Gajewski TF, Schreiber H, Fu Y-X (2013) Innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Nat Immunol 14(10):1014–1022
Garzon R, Marcucci G, Croce CM (2010) Targeting microRNAs in cancer: rationale, strategies and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9(10):775–789
Gramantieri L, Giovannini C, Piscaglia F, Fornari F (2021) MicroRNAs as modulators of tumor metabolism, microenvironment, and immune response in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepato Carcinoma 8:369
Guerra L, Bonetti L, Brenner D (2020) Metabolic modulation of immunity: a new concept in cancer immunotherapy. Cell Rep 32(1):107848
Hallam S, Escorcio-Correia M, Soper R, Schultheiss A, Hagemann T (2009) Activated macrophages in the tumour microenvironment—dancing to the tune of TLR and NF-κB. J Pathol 219(2):143–152
Han Y, Liu D, Li L (2020) PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: current researches in cancer. Am J Cancer Res 10(3):727
He X, Xu C (2020) Immune checkpoint signaling and cancer immunotherapy. Cell Res 30(8):660–669
Hodi FS, O’Day SJ, McDermott DF, Weber RW, Sosman JA, Haanen JB et al (2010) Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 363(8):711–723
Hu W, Wang G, Huang D, Sui M, Xu Y (2019) Cancer immunotherapy based on natural killer cells: current progress and new opportunities. Front Immunol 10:1205
Huang Q, **a J, Wang L, Wang X, Ma X, Deng Q et al (2018a) miR-153 suppresses IDO1 expression and enhances CAR T cell immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 11(1):1–12
Huang W, Wang W-T, Fang K, Chen Z-H, Sun Y-M, Han C et al (2018b) MIR-708 promotes phagocytosis to eradicate T-ALL cells by targeting CD47. Mol Cancer 17(1):1–6
Ingenito F, Roscigno G, Affinito A, Nuzzo S, Scognamiglio I, Quintavalle C et al (2019) The role of exo-miRNAs in cancer: a focus on therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Int J Mol Sci 20(19):4687
Iorio MV, Croce CM (2012) MicroRNA dysregulation in cancer: diagnostics, monitoring and therapeutics. A comprehensive review. EMBO Mol Med 4(3):143–159
Kuo G, Wu C-Y, Yang H-Y (2019) MiR-17-92 cluster and immunity. J Formos Med Assoc 118(1):2–6
Lee H-M, Kim TS, Jo E-K (2016) MiR-146 and miR-125 in the regulation of innate immunity and inflammation. BMB Rep 49(6):311
Li L, Zhang J, Diao W, Wang D, Wei Y, Zhang C-Y et al (2014) MicroRNA-155 and MicroRNA-21 promote the expansion of functional myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Immunol 192(3):1034–1043
Li BL, Lu W, Qu JJ, Ye L, Du GQ, Wan XP (2019) Loss of exosomal miR-148b from cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes endometrial cancer cell invasion and cancer metastasis. J Cell Physiol 234(3):2943–2953
Lin S, Gregory RI (2015) MicroRNA biogenesis pathways in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 15(6):321–333
Lin Y, Xu J, Lan H (2019) Tumor-associated macrophages in tumor metastasis: biological roles and clinical therapeutic applications. J Hematol Oncol 12(1):1–16
Lindsay MA (2008) microRNAs and the immune response. Trends Immunol 29(7):343–351
Liu J, Fan L, Yu H, Zhang J, He Y, Feng D et al (2019) Endoplasmic reticulum stress causes liver cancer cells to release exosomal miR-23a-3p and up-regulate programmed death ligand 1 expression in macrophages. Hepatology 70(1):241–258
Loh H-Y, Norman BP, Lai K-S, Rahman NMANA, Alitheen NBM, Osman MA (2019) The regulatory role of microRNAs in breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci 20(19):4940
Lou Q, Liu R, Yang X, Li W, Huang L, Wei L et al (2019) miR-448 targets IDO1 and regulates CD8+ T cell response in human colon cancer. J Immunother Cancer 7(1):1–14
Matsuyama H, Suzuki HI, Nishimori H, Noguchi M, Yao T, Komatsu N et al (2011) miR-135b mediates NPM-ALK–driven oncogenicity and renders IL-17–producing immunophenotype to anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood 118(26):6881–6892
Meireson A, Devos M, Brochez L (2020) IDO expression in cancer: different compartment, different functionality? Front Immunol 11:2340
Min S, Li L, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Liang X, **e Y et al (2012) TGF-β-associated miR-27a inhibits dendritic cell-mediated differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells by TAB3, p38 MAPK, MAP2K4 and MAP2K7. Genes Immun 13(8):621–631
Mogilyansky E, Rigoutsos I (2013) The miR-17/92 cluster: a comprehensive update on its genomics, genetics, functions and increasingly important and numerous roles in health and disease. Cell Death Diff 20(12):1603–1614
Musumeci M, Coppola V, Addario A, Patrizii M, Maugeri-Sacca M, Memeo L et al (2011) Control of tumor and microenvironment cross-talk by miR-15a and miR-16 in prostate cancer. Oncogene 30(41):4231–4242
Navin I, Lam MT, Parihar R (2020) Design and implementation of NK cell-based immunotherapy to overcome the solid tumor microenvironment. Cancers. 12(12):3871
Nimmagadda S (2020) Quantifying PD-L1 expression to monitor immune checkpoint therapy: opportunities and challenges. Cancers. 12(11):3173
Oweida A, Hararah MK, Phan A, Binder D, Bhatia S, Lennon S et al (2018) Resistance to radiotherapy and PD-L1 blockade is mediated by TIM-3 upregulation and regulatory T-cell infiltration. Clin Cancer Res 24(21):5368–5380
Palma M, Gentilcore G, Heimersson K, Mozaffari F, Näsman-Glaser B, Young E et al (2017) T cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia display dysregulated expression of immune checkpoints and activation markers. Haematologica 102(3):562
Pardoll DM (2012) The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 12(4):252–264
Pashangzadeh S, Motallebnezhad M, Vafashoar F, Khalvandi A, Mojtabavi N (2021) Implications the role of miR-155 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 12:1645
Peinado H, Alečković M, Lavotshkin S, Matei I, Costa-Silva B, Moreno-Bueno G et al (2012) Melanoma exosomes educate bone marrow progenitor cells toward a pro-metastatic phenotype through MET. Nat Med 18(6):883–891
Peng Y, Croce CM (2016) The role of MicroRNAs in human cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 1(1):1–9
Perrichet A, Ghiringhelli F, Rébé C (2020) Understanding inflammasomes and PD-1/PD-L1 crosstalk to improve cancer treatment efficiency. Cancers 12(12):3550
Qin W, Hu L, Zhang X, Jiang S, Li J, Zhang Z et al (2019) The diverse function of PD-1/PD-L pathway beyond cancer. Front Immunol 10:2298
Qu F, Ye J, Pan X, Wang J, Gan S, Chu C et al (2019) MicroRNA-497-5p down-regulation increases PD-L1 expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Drug Target 27(1):67–74
Rupaimoole R, Calin GA, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK (2016) miRNA deregulation in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Discov 6(3):235–246
Salido-Guadarrama I, Romero-Cordoba S, Peralta-Zaragoza O, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Rodriguez-Dorantes M (2014) MicroRNAs transported by exosomes in body fluids as mediators of intercellular communication in cancer. Onco Targets Ther 7:1327
Santos P, Almeida F (2020) Role of exosomal miRNAs and the tumor microenvironment in drug resistance. Cell 9(6):1450
Schickel R, Boyerinas B, Park S, Peter M (2008) MicroRNAs: key players in the immune system, differentiation, tumorigenesis and cell death. Oncogene 27(45):5959–5974
Seddiki N, Brezar V, Ruffin N, Lévy Y, Swaminathan S (2014) Role of mi R-155 in the regulation of lymphocyte immune function and disease. Immunology 142(1):32–38
Seo N, Shirakura Y, Tahara Y, Momose F, Harada N, Ikeda H et al (2018) Activated CD8+ T cell extracellular vesicles prevent tumour progression by targeting of lesional mesenchymal cells. Nat Commun 9(1):1–11
Si W, Shen J, Zheng H, Fan W. The role and mechanisms of action of microRNAs in cancer drug resistance. Clin Epigenetics 2019;11(1):1–24
Su T, Zhang P, Zhao F, Zhang S (2021) Exosomal MicroRNAs mediating crosstalk between cancer cells with cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 11:631703
Sun F, Guo ZS, Gregory AD, Shapiro SD, **ao G, Qu Z (2020) Dual but not single PD-1 or TIM-3 blockade enhances oncolytic virotherapy in refractory lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer 8(1):e000294
Suzuki H, Katsura A, Matsuyama H, Miyazono K (2015) MicroRNA regulons in tumor microenvironment. Oncogene 34(24):3085–3094
Tan S, **a L, Yi P, Han Y, Tang L, Pan Q et al (2020) Exosomal miRNAs in tumor microenvironment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 39(1):1–15
Tang X, Hou Y, Yang G, Wang X, Tang S, Du Y et al (2016) Stromal miR-200s contribute to breast cancer cell invasion through CAF activation and ECM remodeling. Cell Death Diff 23(1):132–145
Ueda R, Kohanbash G, Sasaki K, Fujita M, Zhu X, Kastenhuber ER et al (2009) Dicer-regulated microRNAs 222 and 339 promote resistance of cancer cells to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes by down-regulation of ICAM-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(26):10746–10751
Unlu S, Tang S, Wang EN, Martinez I, Tang D, Bianchi ME et al (2012) Damage associated molecular pattern molecule-induced microRNAs (DAMPmiRs) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PLoS One 7(6):e38899
Vignard V, Labbé M, Marec N, André-Grégoire G, Jouand N, Fonteneau J-F et al (2020) MicroRNAs in tumor exosomes drive immune escape in melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res 8:255–267
Waldman AD, Fritz JM, Lenardo MJ (2020) A guide to cancer immunotherapy: from T cell basic science to clinical practice. Nat Rev Immunol 20(11):651–668
Wang M, Tan LP, Dijkstra MK, van Lom K, Robertus JL, Harms G et al (2008) miRNA analysis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: proliferation centres characterized by low miR-150 and high BIC/miR-155 expression. J Pathol 215(1):13–20
Whiteside TL (2016) Tumor-derived exosomes and their role in cancer progression. Adv Clin Chem 74:103–141
Wolf Y, Anderson AC, Kuchroo VK (2020) TIM3 comes of age as an inhibitory receptor. Nat Rev Immunol 20(3):173–185
**e F, Zhou X, Fang M, Li H, Su P, Tu Y et al (2019) Extracellular vesicles in cancer immune microenvironment and cancer immunotherapy. Adv Sci 6(24):1901779
Xu S, Tao Z, Hai B, Liang H, Shi Y, Wang T et al (2016) miR-424 (322) reverses chemoresistance via T-cell immune response activation by blocking the PD-L1 immune checkpoint. Nat Commun 7(1):1–13
Xu SJ, Hu HT, Li HL, Chang S (2019) The role of miRNAs in immune cell development, immune cell activation, and tumor immunity: with a focus on macrophages and natural killer cells. Cell 8(10):1140
Yang J-S, Lai EC (2011) Alternative miRNA biogenesis pathways and the interpretation of core miRNA pathway mutants. Mol Cell 43(6):892–903
Yang N, Zhu S, Lv X, Qiao Y, Liu Y-J, Chen J (2018) MicroRNAs: pleiotropic regulators in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 9:2491
Yin Z, Ma T, Huang B, Lin L, Zhou Y, Yan J et al (2019) Macrophage-derived exosomal microRNA-501-3p promotes progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through the TGFBR3-mediated TGF-β signaling pathway. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 38(1):1–20
Yoshii S, Hayashi Y, Iijima H, Inoue T, Kimura K, Sakatani A et al (2019) Exosomal micro RNA s derived from colon cancer cells promote tumor progression by suppressing fibroblast TP 53 expression. Cancer Sci 110(8):2396–2407
Zhang Y, Zhang Z (2020) The history and advances in cancer immunotherapy: understanding the characteristics of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their therapeutic implications. Cell Mol Immunol 17(8):807–821
Zhang Y, Yang P, Sun T, Li D, Xu X, Rui Y et al (2013) miR-126 and miR-126* repress recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells and inflammatory monocytes to inhibit breast cancer metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 15(3):284–294
Zhang Y, Tanno T, Kanellopoulou C (2019) Cancer therapeutic implications of microRNAs in the regulation of immune checkpoint blockade. ExRNA 1(1):1–6
Zheng B, ** Z, Liu R, Yin W, Sui Z, Ren B et al (2018) The function of microRNAs in B-cell development, lymphoma, and their potential in clinical practice. Front Immunol 9:936
Zhong L, Sun S, Shi J, Cao F, Han X, Chen Z (2017) MicroRNA-125a-5p plays a role as a tumor suppressor in lung carcinoma cells by directly targeting STAT3. Tumor Biol 39(6):1010428317697579
Zhou SL, Hu ZQ, Zhou ZJ, Dai Z, Wang Z, Cao Y et al (2016) miR-28-5p-IL-34-macrophage feedback loop modulates hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. Hepatology 63(5):1560–1575
Zhou J, Li X, Wu X, Zhang T, Zhu Q, Wang X et al (2018) Exosomes released from tumor-associated macrophages transfer miRNAs that induce a Treg/Th17 cell imbalance in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 6(12):1578–1592
zur Hausen H (2008) The role of microRNAs in human cancer. Wiley Online Library
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Roy, S., Prasad, D. (2022). MicroRNAs Targeting Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Modulation. In: Prasad, D., Santosh Sushma, P. (eds) Role of MicroRNAs in Cancers. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9186-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9186-7_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-9185-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-9186-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)