Abstract
Diesel engines find applications in many areas such as transportation of passengers/goods, farm machines, Generators, and construction equipment. The number of diesel-fueled engines is very large and is expected to increase further with time. However, diesel engines are responsible for anthropogenic NOx and soot emissions. To comply with the stringent future emission regulations, ways of inhibiting the formation of these emissions need to be explored further. Low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategies such as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI), partially premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) have the capabilities of ultra-low NOx and Soot emission formation. These LTC strategies improve the fuel–air mixing and reduce the peak combustion temperature, leading to low NOx and Soot emissions. These combustion strategies face challenges in controlling combustion, maintaining combustion stability, and operating the engine at a high load. Engine modelling could play a role in predicting Soot and NOx emissions from these complex combustion strategies. In this chapter, an effort has been made to understand the fundamentals of soot and NOx modelling. It is essential to understand the chemical mechanisms of NOx and soot formation for accurate modelling. Empirical and phenomenological models for soot and NOx formation mechanisms, factors affecting them, Zeldovich mechanism, and prompt NOx formation mechanisms are discussed. Hiroyasu-NSC model, Waseda model, Gokul model, and Dalian model to understand the soot formation and their capabilities are discussed in detail. The two most fundamental semi-empirical models for NOx formation based on the Zeldovich mechanism and the prompt NOx (Fenimore mechanism) are also discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adachi K, Chung SH, Buseck PR (2010) Shapes of soot aerosol particles and implications for their effects on climate. J Geophys Res Atmos 115(D15)
Asad U, Divekar P, Zheng M, Tjong J (2013) Low-temperature combustion strategies for compression ignition engines: operability limits and challenges. SAE Technical paper no 2013-01-0283. https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0283
Baskar P, Senthilkumar A (2016) Effects of oxygen-enriched combustion on pollution and performance characteristics of a diesel engine. Eng Sci Technol Int J 19(1):438–443
Bowman CT (1975) Kinetics of pollutant formation and destruction in combustion. Prog Energy Combust Sci 1(1):33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1285(75)90005-2
Çengel YA, Boles MA (2006) Mass and energy analysis of control volumes. Thermodyn Eng Approach:216–246
Daido S, Kodama Y, Inohara T, Ohyama N, Sugiyama T (2000) Analysis of soot accumulation inside diesel engines. JSAE Rev 21(3):303–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0389-4304(00)00048-5
De Soete GG (1975) Overall reaction rates of NO and N2 formation from fuel nitrogen. Symp (Int) Combust 15(1):1093–1102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(75)80374-2
Dobbin RA, Subramaniasivam H (1994) Soot formation in combustion. Chem Phys 5
Du DX, Axelbaum RL, Law CK (1991) The influence of carbon dioxide and oxygen as additives on soot formation in diffusion flames. Symp (Int) Combustion 23(1):1501–1507. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(06)80419-4
Dupont V, Pourkashanian M, Williams A, Woolley R (1993) The reduction of NOx formation in natural gas burner flames. Fuel 72(4):497–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(93)90108-E
Fenimore CP (1971) Formation of nitric oxide in premixed hydrocarbon flames. Symp (Int) Combust 13(1):373–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(71)80040-1
Glassman I (1996) Combustion, 3rd edn. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego
Gnanamoorthi V, Devaradjane G (2015) Effect of compression ratio on the performance, combustion, and emission of DI diesel engine fueled with ethanol—diesel blend. J Energy Inst 88(1):19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2014.06.001
Gülder ÖL (1993) Influence of sulfur dioxide on soot formation in diffusion flames. Combust Flame 92(4):410–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(93)90152-S
Han Z, Uludogan A, Hampson GJ, Reitz RD (1996) Mechanism of soot and NOx emission reduction using multiple-injection in a diesel engine. SAE Trans:837–852
Heywood JB (2018) Internal combustion engine fundamentals. McGraw-Hill
Hiroyasu H, Kadota T (1976) Models for combustion and formation of nitric oxide and soot in direct injection diesel engines. SAE Trans 513–526. https://doi.org/10.4271/760129
İlkiliç C, Aydin H (2012) The harmful effects of diesel engine exhaust emissions. Energy Sour Part A Recov Utilization Environ Effects 34(10):899–905
Jia M, Peng ZJ, **e MZ (2009) Numerical investigation of soot reduction potentials with diesel homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion by an improved phenomenological soot model. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part D J Autom Eng 223(3):395–412. https://doi.org/10.1243/09544070JAUTO993
Kazakov A, Foster DE (1998) Modeling of soot formation during DI diesel combustion using a multi-step phenomenological model. SAE Trans:1016–1028
Kellerer H, Müller A, Bauer HJ, Wittig S (1996) Soot formation in a shock tube under elevated pressure conditions. Combust Sci Technol 113(1):67–80.https://doi.org/10.1080/00102209608935488
Kumar M, Tsujimura T, Suzuki Y (2018) NOx model development and validation with diesel and hydrogen/diesel dual-fuel system on diesel engine. Energy 145:496–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.148
Ladommatos N, Song H, Zhao H (2002) Measurements and predictions of diesel soot oxidation rates. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part D J Autom Eng 216(8):677–689. https://doi.org/10.1177/095440700221600806
Leung KM, Lindstedt RP, Jones WP (1991) A simplified reaction mechanism for soot formation in non-premixed flames. Combust Flame 87(3–4):289–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(91)90114-Q
Nagle J, Strickland-Constable RF (1962) Oxidation of carbon between 1000 and 2000 °C. In: Proceedings of the fifth carbon conference. Pergamon Press, London, p 154
Noor MM, Wandel AP, Yusaf T (2014) Effect of air-fuel ratio on temperature distribution and pollutants for biogas MILD combustion. Int J Autom Mech Eng 10(1):1980–1992. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.10.2014.1%205.0166
Ogawa H, Matsui Y, Kimura S, Kawashima J (1996) Three-dimensional computation of the effects of the swirl ratio in direct-injection diesel engines on NOx and soot emissions (no. 961125). SAE technical paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/961125
Olson DB, Pickens JC, Gill RJ (1985) The effects of molecular structure on soot formation II. Diffusion flames. Combustion Flame 62(1):43–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(85)90092-6
Park SW, Reitz RD (2007) Numerical study on the low emission window of homogeneous charge compression ignition diesel combustion. Combust Sci Technol 179(11):2279–2307. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102200701484142
Patel A, Kong SC, Reitz RD (2004) Development and validation of a reduced reaction mechanism for HCCI engine simulations. SAE technical paper no. 2004-01-0558. https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0558
Provataris SA, Savva NS, Chountalas TD, Hountalas DT (2017) Prediction of NOx emissions for high-speed DI Diesel engines using a semi-empirical, two-zone model. Energy Convers Manage 153:659–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.10.007
Rakopoulos CD, Hountalas DT, Tzanos EI, Taklis GN (1994) A fast algorithm for calculating the composition of diesel combustion products using 11 species chemical equilibrium scheme. Adv Eng Softw 19(2):109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-9978(94)90064-7
Richter H, Howard JB (2000) Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their growth to soot—a review of chemical reaction pathways. Prog Energy Combust Sci 26(4–6):565–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(00)00009-5
Savva N, Hountalas D (2012)Â Detailed evaluation of a new semi-empirical multi-zone NOx model by application on various diesel engine configurations. SAE technical paper no. 2012-01-1156. https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1156
Tao F, Golovitchev VI, Chomiak J (2004) A phenomenological model for the prediction of soot formation in diesel spray combustion. Combust Flame 136(3):270–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2003.11.001
Tao F, Srinivas S, Reitz RD, Foster DE (2005) Comparison of three soot models applied to multi-dimensional diesel combustion simulations. JSME Int J Ser B 48(4):671–678. https://doi.org/10.1299/jsmeb.48.671
Tree DR, Svensson KI (2007) Soot processes in compression ignition engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 33(3):272–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2006.03.002
Vickland CW, Strange FM, Bell RA, Starkman ES (1962) A consideration of the high-temperature thermodynamics of internal combustion engines. SAE Trans 70:785–795. https://doi.org/10.4271/620564
Vishwanathan G, Reitz RD (2010) Development of a practical soot modelling approach and its application to low-temperature diesel combustion. Combust Sci Technol 182(8):1050–1082. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102200903548124
Von Gersum S, Roth P (1992) Soot oxidation in high-temperature N2O/Ar and NO/Ar mixtures. Symp (Int) Combust 24(1):999–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(06)80118-9
Walker PL, Austin LG, Nandi SP (1966) In chemistry and physics of carbon. In: Walker PL (ed)
Wang Q, Shao C, Liu Q, Zhang Z, He Z (2017) Effects of injection rate on combustion and emissions of a pilot ignited direct injection natural gas engine. J Mech Sci Technol 31(4):1969–1978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-017-0346-3
Way RJB (1976) Methods for determination of composition and thermodynamic properties of combustion products for internal combustion engine calculations. Proc Inst Mech Eng 190(1):687–697. https://doi.org/10.1243/PIME_PROC_1976_190_073_02
** J, Zhong BJ (2006) Soot in diesel combustion systems. Chem Eng Technol Indust Chem-Plant Equip-Process Eng-Biotechnol 29(6):665–673. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200600016
Zhang R, Kook S (2014) Influence of fuel injection timing and pressure on in-flame soot particles in an automotive-size diesel engine. Environ Sci Technol 48(14):8243–8250. https://doi.org/10.1021/es500661w
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Singh, R.K., Agarwal, A.K. (2022). Soot and NOx Modelling for Diesel Engines. In: Agarwal, A.K., Kumar, D., Sharma, N., Sonawane, U. (eds) Engine Modeling and Simulation. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8618-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8618-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-8617-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-8618-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)