SpringerLink
Log in

Improving Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel, and Hydrogen-Biodiesel Dual-Fuel Engine Aiming Near-Zero Emissions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Greener and Scalable E-fuels for Decarbonization of Transport

Part of the book series: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability ((ENENSU))

Abstract

Increasing concerns over environmental issues and traditional resource depletion have heightened the motivation to use clean and alternative fuels. Biodiesel is an alternate renewable fuel to be used in diesel engines. On the other hand, expert studies designate hydrogen as the fuel of the longer term. Ideally, it is possible to possess both zero-greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and zero regulated emissions, carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from IC engines powered by hydrogen. A dual-fuel combustion system that burns hydrogen as the primary fuel and biodiesel as a pilot fuel is the main focus of this work. Use of diesel in dual-fuel combustion is typical. To completely replace diesel with biodiesel, improvement of cold flow properties (CFPs) of biodiesel is an absolute necessity. Cold flow properties indicate the low-temperature operation ability of any fuel. To render biodiesel usable during winter, biodiesel requires urea fractionation, which is discussed in this study. The most challenges with a hydrogen-operated dual-fuel engine are the power output almost like that of diesel engines, and to sustain stable engine operation at lean engine running conditions. Supercharging can address the power output issue, but it increases the likelihood of premature ignition and knock tendency unless the equivalence ratio and other parameters are properly adjusted. A hydrogen-diesel supercharged dual-fuel engine results are presented in this study. The charge dilution (by N2) that helps to lower NOx emissions is also presented. Furthermore, a detailed engine conditions and engine parameters are suggested to make near-zero emissions from hydrogen-biodiesel dual-fuel engine.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now
Chapter
EUR 29.95
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
EUR 117.69
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
EUR 160.49
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
EUR 160.49
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agarwal AK (2007) Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 33:233–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antunes JG, Mikalsen R, Roskilly AP (2009) An experimental study of a direct injection compression ignition hydrogen engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34:6516–6522

    Google Scholar 

  • Berckmuller M, Rottengruber H, Eder A, Brehm N, Elsasser G, Muller-Alander G et-al. (2003) Potentials of a charged SI-hydrogen engine. SAE paper 2003-01-3210

    Google Scholar 

  • Bose PK, Maji D (2009) An experimental investigation on engine performance and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine using hydrogen as inducted fuel and diesel as injected fuel with exhaust gas recirculation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34:4847–4854

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demirbas A (2007) Progress and recent trends in biofuels. Prog Energy Combust Sci 33:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Directive 2009/28/EC. On the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. OJEU 2009; L 140:16–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn RO, Shockley MW, Bagby MO (1996) Improving the low-temperature properties of alternative diesel fuels: vegetable oil-derived methyl esters. J Am Oil Chem Soc 73(12):1719–1728

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn RO (2011) Improving the cold flow properties of biodiesel by fractionation. A book chapter by INTECH Open Access Publisher.https://doi.org/10.5772/14624

  • Elsanusi O (2017) Cold flow improvement of biodiesel and investigation the effect of biodiesel emulsification on diesel engine performance and emissions. MSc Thesis, Mechanical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghanei R (2015) Improving cold-flow properties of biodiesel through blending with nonedible castor oil methyl ester. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 34(3):897–902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González Gómez ME, Howard-Hildige R, Leahy JJ, Rice B (2002) Winterization of waste cooking oil methyl ester to improve cold temperature fuel properties. Fuel 81(1):33–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gopal G, Rao PS, Gopalakrishnan KV, Murthy BS (1982) Use of hydrogen in dual-fuel engines. Int J Hydrogen Energy 7:267–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamdan SH, Chong WWF, Ng JH, Ghazali MJ, Wood RJK (2016) Influence of fatty acid methyl ester composition on tribological properties of vegetable oils and duck fat derived biodiesel. Tribol Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.12.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handwerker M, Wellnitz J, Marzbani H (2021) Comparison of hydrogen powertrains with the battery powered electric vehicle and investigation of small-scale local hydrogen production using renewable energy. Hydrogen 2(1):76–100. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2010005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hord J (1978) Is hydrogen a safe fuel? Int J Hydrogen Energy 3:157–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosmath RS, Banapurmath NR, Bhovi M, Khandal SV, Madival AP, Dhannur SS, Gundalli V (2015) Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of dual fuel (DF) engine fuelled with hydrogen induction and injection of Honne and Honge methyl esters. Energy Power Eng 7:384–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaura AK, Ortmann W, Stuntz R, Natkin B, Grabowski T (2004) Ford’s H2RV: an industry first HEV propelled with a H2 fuelled engine—a fuel-efficient and clean solution for sustainable mobility. SAE paper 2004-01-0058

    Google Scholar 

  • Knothe G (2009) Improving biodiesel fuel properties by modifying fatty ester composition. Energy Environ Sci 2(7):759

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kruka VR, Cadena ER, Long TE (1995) Cloud-point determination for crude oils. J Pet Technol 47(08):681–687. https://doi.org/10.2118/31032-PA

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lanjekar RD, Deshmukh D (2016) A review of the effect of the composition of biodiesel on NOx emission, oxidative stability and cold flow properties. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 54:1401–1411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu G (2015) Development of low-temperature properties on biodiesel fuel: a review: low-temperature properties of biodiesel fuel. Int J Energy Res 39:1295–1310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mangad A (2017) Year-round biodiesel use strategy in diesel engines in Canadian adverse cold weather conditions. MSc Thesis, Mechanical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathur HB, Das LM, Patro TN (1992) Hydrogen fuel utilization in CI engine powered end utility system. Int J Hydrogen Energy 17:369–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mei D, Luo Y, Tan W, Yuan Y (2016) Crystallization behavior of fatty acid methyl esters and biodiesel based on differential scanning calorimetry and thermodynamic model. Energy Sources, Part A Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 38(15):2312–2318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagalingam B, Dübel M, Schmillen K (1983) Performance of the supercharged spark ignition hydrogen engine. SAE paper 831688

    Google Scholar 

  • Nainwal S, Sharma N, Sharma AS, Jain S, Jain S (2015) Cold flow properties improvement of Jatropha curcas biodiesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel using winterization and blending. Energy 89:702–707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Natkin RJ, Tang X, Boyer B, Oltmans B, Denlinger A, Heffel JW (2003) Hydrogen IC engine boosting performance and NOx study. SAE paper 2003-01-0631

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien RD (2008) Fats and oils: formulating and processing for applications. CRC press

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozsezen AN, Canakci M, Turkcan A, Sayin C (2009) Performance and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with waste palm oil and canola oil methyl esters. Fuel 88:629–636

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérez A, Casas A, Fernández CM, Ramos MJ, Rodríguez L (2010) Winterization of peanut biodiesel to improve the cold flow properties. Biores Technol 101(19):7375–7381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy MM, Calder J, Wang W, Mangad A, Diniz FCM (2016) Cold start idle emissions from a modern Tier-4 turbo-charged diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel, diesel-biodiesel-ethanol, and diesel-biodiesel-diethyl ether blends. Appl Energy 180:52–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy MM, Calder J, Wang W, Mangad A, Diniz FCM (2016) Emission analysis of a modern Tier 4 DI diesel engine fueled by biodiesel-diesel blends with a cold flow improver (Wintron Synergy) at multiple idling conditions. Appl Energy 179: 45–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy MM, Tomita E, Kawahara N, Harada Y, Sakane A (2010) An experimental investigation on engine performance and emissions of a supercharged H2-diesel dual-fuel engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 35:844–853

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy M, Wang W, Bujold J (2013) Biodiesel production and comparison of emissions of a DI diesel engine fueled by biodiesel–diesel and canola oil–diesel blends at high idling operations. Appl Energy 106:198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.01.057

  • Sarin A, Arora R, Singh NP, Sarin R, Malhotra RK, Sarin S (2010) Blends of biodiesels synthesized from non-edible and edible oils: effects on the cold filter plugging point. Energy Fuels 24(3):1996–2001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahir VK, Jawahar CP, Suresh PR (2015) Comparative study of diesel and biodiesel on CI engine with emphasis to emissions—a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 45:686–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma AK, Sharma PK, Chintala V, Khatri N, Patel A (2020) Environment-friendly biodiesel/diesel blends for improving the exhaust emission and engine performance to reduce the pollutants emitted from transportation fleets. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:3896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113896)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma P, Dhar A (2018) Advances in hydrogen-fuelled compression ignition engine. Singh AP et al (eds) Prospects of alternative transportation fuels, energy, environment, and sustainability. Springer Nature Singapore Private Limited. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7518-6_5

  • Sheehan J, Camobreco JD, Graboski M, Shapouri H (1998) Life cycle inventory of biodiesel and petroleum diesel for use in an urban bus. Final report for US department of energy’s office of fuel development and the US department of agriculture’s office of energy, by the national renewable energy laboratory. NERL/SR-580-24089

    Google Scholar 

  • Tutak W, Grab-Rogalinski K, Jamrozik A (2020) Combustion and emission characteristics of a biodiesel-hydrogen dual-fuel engine. Appl Sci 10:1082. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • US EPA (2002) A comprehensive analysis of biodiesel impacts on exhaust emissions. EPA420-P-02-001

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma P, Sharma MP, Dwivedi G (2016) Evaluation and enhancement of cold flow properties of palm oil and its biodiesel. Energy Rep 2:8–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan MH, Chen YH, Chen JH, Luo YM (2017) Dependence of cold filter plugging point on saturated fatty acid profile of biodiesel blends derived from different feedstocks. Fuel 195:59–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao W, Xue Y, Ma P, Ma W, Wang J, Lu D, Han S (2016) Improving the cold flow properties of high-proportional waste cooking oil biodiesel blends with mixed cold flow improvers. RSC Adv 6(16):13365–13370

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 51, Canada

    Murari Mohon Roy

Authors
  1. Murari Mohon Roy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Murari Mohon Roy .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Avinash Kumar Agarwal

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Hardikk Valera

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Roy, M.M. (2022). Improving Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel, and Hydrogen-Biodiesel Dual-Fuel Engine Aiming Near-Zero Emissions. In: Agarwal, A.K., Valera, H. (eds) Greener and Scalable E-fuels for Decarbonization of Transport. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8344-2_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8344-2_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-16-8343-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-16-8344-2

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation