Abstract
Recently, the development of sensitive, economical, and accurate devices gets more attention to many clinical and analytical laboratories. The miniaturized analytical system, with particular benefits of low cost and portability, has made attracting attention with the growing requirements for point-of-care (POC) testing. Miniaturized biosensors based on various materials (e.g., aptamer, nanomaterials) have an important role in analytical fields because of their high sensitivity, portability, ease of operation, and analysis in a short time. This chapter will review developments on various types of miniaturized aptasensors based on nanomaterials with focus on drug analysis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adhikari B-R, Govindhan M, Chen A (2015) Carbon nanomaterials based electrochemical sensors/biosensors for the sensitive detection of pharmaceutical and biological compounds. Sensors 15:22490–22508
Alnajrani MN, Alsager OA (2019) Lateral flow aptasensor for progesterone: Competitive target recognition and displacement of short complementary sequences. Anal Biochem 587:113461
Bagheri Hashkavayi A, Bakhsh Raoof J, Ojani R, Hamidi Asl E (2015) Label-free electrochemical aptasensor for determination of chloramphenicol based on gold nanocubes-modified screen-printed gold electrode. Electroanalysis 27:1449–1456
Bahadır EB, Sezgintürk MK (2016) Lateral flow assays: principles, designs and labels. Trends Anal Chem 82:286–306
Baryeh K, Takalkar S, Lund M, Liu G (2017) Introduction to medical biosensors for point of care applications. In: Medical biosensors for point of care (POC) applications. Elsevier, London, pp 3–25
Beitollahi H, Mohammadi SZ, Safaei M, Tajik S (2020) Applications of electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on modified screen-printed electrodes: a review. Anal Methods 12:1547–1560
Chan CPY, Mak WC, Cheung KY, Sin KK, Yu CM, Rainer TH, Renneberg R (2013) Evidence-based point-of-care diagnostics: current status and emerging technologies. Annu Rev Anal Chem 6:191–211
Chen A, Holt-Hindle P (2010) Platinum-based nanostructured materials: synthesis, properties, and applications. Chem Rev 110:3767–3804
da Costa TH, Song E, Tortorich RP, Choi J-W (2015) A paper-based electrochemical sensor using inkjet-printed carbon nanotube electrodes. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol 4:3044
Dalirirad S, Steckl AJ (2019) Aptamer-based lateral flow assay for point of care cortisol detection in sweat. Sensors Actuators B Chem 283:79–86
Dalirirad S, Steckl AJ (2020) Lateral flow assay using aptamer-based sensing for on-site detection of dopamine in urine. Anal Biochem 596:113637
de Oliveira TR, Fonseca WT, de Oliveira Setti G, Faria RC (2019) Fast and flexible strategy to produce electrochemical paper-based analytical devices using a craft cutter printer to create wax barrier and screen-printed electrodes. Talanta 195:480–489
Derkus B (2016) Applying the miniaturization technologies for biosensor design. Biosens Bioelectron 79:901–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.033
Dhand C, Dwivedi N, Loh XJ, Ying ANJ, Verma NK, Beuerman RW, Lakshminarayanan R, Ramakrishna S (2015) Methods and strategies for the synthesis of diverse nanoparticles and their applications: a comprehensive overview. RSC Adv 5:105003–105037
Du Y, Chen C, Zhou M, Dong S, Wang E (2011) Microfluidic electrochemical aptameric assay integrated on-chip: a potentially convenient sensing platform for the amplified and multiplex analysis of small molecules. Anal Chem 83:1523–1529
Ensafi AA, Kazemifard N, Rezaei B (2017a) Development of a nano plastic antibody for determination of propranolol using CdTe quantum dots. Sensors Actuators B Chem 252:846–853
Ensafi AA, Khoddami E, Rezaei B (2017b) Aptamer@ Au-o-phenylenediamine modified pencil graphite electrode: a new selective electrochemical impedance biosensor for the determination of insulin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 159:47–53
Feng C, Dai S, Wang L (2014) Optical aptasensors for quantitative detection of small biomolecules: a review. Biosens Bioelectron 59:64–74
Feng X, Gan N, Zhang H, Yan Q, Li T, Cao Y, Hu F, Yu H, Jiang Q (2015) A novel “dual-potential” electrochemiluminescence aptasensor array using CdS quantum dots and luminol-gold nanoparticles as labels for simultaneous detection of malachite green and chloramphenicol. Biosens Bioelectron 74:587–593
Feng S, Che X, Que L, Chen C, Wang W (2016a) Rapid detection of theophylline using aptamer-based nanopore thin film sensor. In: 2016 IEEE sensors. Piscataway, IEEE, pp 1–3
Feng X, Gan N, Lin S, Li T, Cao Y, Hu F, Jiang Q, Chen Y (2016b) Ratiometric electrochemiluminescent aptasensor array for antibiotic based on internal standard method and spatial-resolved technique. Sensors Actuators B Chem 226:305–311
Gaudin V (2020) The growing interest in development of innovative optical aptasensors for the detection of antimicrobial residues in food products. Biosensors 10:30021. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10030021
Ha N-R, Jung I-P, Kim S-H, Kim A-R, Yoon M-Y (2017a) Paper chip-based colorimetric sensing assay for ultra-sensitive detection of residual kanamycin. Process Biochem 62:161–168
Ha N-R, Jung I-P, La I-J, Jung H-S, Yoon M-Y (2017b) Ultra-sensitive detection of kanamycin for food safety using a reduced graphene oxide-based fluorescent aptasensor. Sci Rep 7:1–10
Hamidi-Asl E, Dardenne F, Blust R, De Wael K (2015) An improved electrochemical aptasensor for chloramphenicol detection based on aptamer incorporated gelatine. Sensors 15:7605–7618
Han K, Liang Z, Zhou N (2010) Design strategies for aptamer-based biosensors. Sensors 10:4541–4557
Hashkavayi AB, Raoof JB (2017) Design an aptasensor based on structure-switching aptamer on dendritic gold nanostructures/Fe3O4@ SiO2/DABCO modified screen printed electrode for highly selective detection of epirubicin. Biosens Bioelectron 91:650–657
He L, Shen Z, Cao Y, Li T, Wu D, Dong Y, Gan N (2019) A microfluidic chip based ratiometric aptasensor for antibiotic detection in foods using stir bar assisted sorptive extraction and rolling circle amplification. Analyst 144:2755–2764
He L, Shen Z, Wang J, Zeng J, Wang W, Wu H, Wang Q, Gan N (2020) Simultaneously responsive microfluidic chip aptasensor for determination of kanamycin, aflatoxin M1, and 17β-estradiol based on magnetic tripartite DNA assembly nanostructure probes. Microchim Acta 187:1–11
Heydari M, Gholoobi A, Ranjbar G, Rahbar N, Sany SBT, Mobarhan MG, Ferns GA, Rezayi M (2020) Aptamers as potential recognition elements for detection of vitamins and minerals: a systematic and critical review. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 57:126–144
Hilton JP, Nguyen TH, Pei R, Stojanovic M, Lin Q (2011) A microfluidic affinity sensor for the detection of cocaine. Sensors Actuators A Phys 166:241–246
Jamei HR, Rezaei B, Ensafi AA (2019) An ultrasensitive electrochemical anti-lysozyme aptasensor with biorecognition surface based on aptamer/amino-rGO/ionic liquid/amino-mesosilica nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 181:16–24
Jamei HR, Rezaei B, Ensafi AA (2020) Ultra-sensitive and selective electrochemical biosensor with aptamer recognition surface based on polymer quantum dots and C60/MWCNTs-polyethylenimine nanocomposites for analysis of thrombin protein. Bioelectrochemistry 2020:107701
Jeevanandam J, Barhoum A, Chan YS, Dufresne A, Danquah MK (2018) Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 9:1050–1074
Jiang B, Wang M, Chen Y, **e J, **ang Y (2012) Highly sensitive electrochemical detection of cocaine on graphene/AuNP modified electrode via catalytic redox-recycling amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 32:305–308
Jiang Q, Zhang D, Cao Y, Gan N (2017) An antibody-free and signal-on type electrochemiluminescence sensor for diethylstilbestrol detection based on magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers-quantum dots labeled aptamer conjugated probes. J Electroanal Chem 789:1–8
Jung YK, Lee T, Shin E, Kim B-S (2013) Highly tunable aptasensing microarrays with graphene oxide multilayers. Sci Rep 3:1–7
Kaiser L, Weisser J, Kohl M, Deigner H-P (2018) Small molecule detection with aptamer based lateral flow assays: applying aptamer-C-reactive protein cross-recognition for ampicillin detection. Sci Rep 8:1–10
Kazemifard N, Ensafi AA, Saberi Z (2020) Development of optical sensors based on quantum dots using molecularly imprinted polymers for determination of prilocaine. In: Quantum dots. Springer, New York, pp 275–283
Khan NI, Song E (2020) Lab-on-a-chip systems for aptamer-based biosensing. Micromachines 11:220
Kim K, Gu M, Kang D, Park J, Song I, Jung H, Suh K (2010) High-sensitivity detection of oxytetracycline using light scattering agglutination assay with aptasensor. Electrophoresis 31:3115–3120
Kong HY, Byun J (2013) Nucleic Acid aptamers: new methods for selection, stabilization, and application in biomedical science. Biomol Ther 21:423
Lafleur JP, Jönsson A, Senkbeil S, Kutter JP (2016) Recent advances in lab-on-a-chip for biosensing applications. Biosens Bioelectron 76:213–233
Li Y, Deng L, Deng C, Nie Z, Yang M, Si S (2012) Simple and sensitive aptasensor based on quantum dot-coated silica nanospheres and the gold screen-printed electrode. Talanta 99:637–642
Li K, Qin W, Li F, Zhao X, Jiang B, Wang K, Deng S, Fan C, Li D (2013) Nanoplasmonic imaging of latent fingerprints and identification of cocaine. Angew Chem 125:11756–11759
Li X, Scida K, Crooks RM (2015) Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA with a paper electrochemical sensor. Anal Chem 87:9009–9015
Li Z, Chen H, Wang P (2019a) Lateral flow assay ruler for quantitative and rapid point-of-care testing. Analyst 144:3314–3322
Li Y, He R, Niu Y, Li F (2019b) Based electrochemical biosensors for point-of-care testing of neurotransmitters. J Anal Test 3:19–36
Liu J, Mazumdar D, Lu Y (2006) A simple and sensitive “dipstick” test in serum based on lateral flow separation of aptamer-linked nanostructures. Angew Chem 118:8123–8127
Liu X, Huang D, Lai C, Zeng G, Qin L, Zhang C, Yi H, Li B, Deng R, Liu S (2018a) Recent advances in sensors for tetracycline antibiotics and their applications. Trends Anal Chem 109:260–274
Liu J, Zeng J, Tian Y, Zhou N (2018b) An aptamer and functionalized nanoparticle-based strip biosensor for on-site detection of kanamycin in food samples. Analyst 143:182–189
Lomax C, Traub O (2009) Topical thrombins: benefits and risks. Pharmacother J Hum Pharmacol Drug Ther 29:8S–12S
Majidi MR, Omidi Y, Karami P, Johari-Ahar M (2016) Reusable potentiometric screen-printed sensor and label-free aptasensor with pseudo-reference electrode for determination of tryptophan in the presence of tyrosine. Talanta 150:425–433
Manmana Y, Chutvirasakul B, Suntornsuk L, Nuchtavorn N (2019) Cost effective paper-based colorimetric devices for a simple assay of dopamine in pharmaceutical formulations using 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine-silver nitrate as a chromogenic reagent. Pharm Sci 46:270–277
Mao K, Zhang H, Pan Y, Zhang K, Cao H, Li X, Yang Z (2020) Nanomaterial-based aptamer sensors for analysis of illicit drugs and evaluation of drugs consumption for wastewater-based epidemiology. Trends Anal Chem 130:115975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2020.115975
Mathault J, Zamprogno P, Greener J, Miled A (2015) Microfluidic platform for neurotransmitter sensing based on cyclic voltammetry and dielectrophoresis for in vitro experiments. In: 2015 37th annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society (EMBC). IEEE, Piscataway, pp 2171–2174
Mazaafrianto DN, Maeki M, Ishida A, Tani H, Tokeshi M (2018) Recent microdevice-based aptamer sensors. Micromachines 9:202
Mehlhorn A, Rahimi P, Joseph Y (2018) Aptamer-based biosensors for antibiotic detection: a review. Biosensors 8:54
Ming T, Wang Y, Luo J, Liu J, Sun S, **ng Y, **ao G, ** H, Cai X (2019) Folding paper-based aptasensor platform coated with novel nanoassemblies for instant and highly sensitive detection of 17β-estradiol. ACS Sens 4:3186–3194
Mokhtarzadeh A, Dolatabadi JEN, Abnous K, de la Guardia M, Ramezani M (2015) Nanomaterial-based cocaine aptasensors. Biosens Bioelectron 68:95–106
Muhammad A, Yusof NA, Hajian R, Abdullah J (2016) Construction of an electrochemical sensor based on carbon nanotubes/gold nanoparticles for trace determination of amoxicillin in bovine milk. Sensors 16:56
Nakayama H, Kenjjou N, Shigetoh N, Ito Y (2016) Fluorescence immunoassay for cocaine detection. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 35:83–85
Nguyen AH, Ma X, Park HG, Sim SJ (2019) Low-blinking SERS substrate for switchable detection of kanamycin. Sensors Actuators B Chem 282:765–773
Niu X, Huang L, Zhao J, Yin M, Luo D, Yang Y (2016) An ultrasensitive aptamer biosensor for the detection of codeine based on a Au nanoparticle/polyamidoamine dendrimer-modified screen-printed carbon electrode. Anal Methods 8:1091–1095
Perumal V, Hashim U (2014) Advances in biosensors: principle, architecture and applications. J Appl Biomed 12:1–15
Price CP, John AS, Kricka LJ (2010) Point-of-care testing: needs, opportunity, and innovation. AACC Press, Washington
Rauti R, Musto M, Bosi S, Prato M, Ballerini L (2019) Properties and behavior of carbon nanomaterials when interfacing neuronal cells: how far have we come? Carbon 143:430–446
Raveendran J, Krishnan RG, Nair BG, Babu TGS (2017) Voltammetric determination of ascorbic acid by using a disposable screen printed electrode modified with Cu (OH) 2 nanorods. Microchim Acta 184:3573–3579
Rezaei B, Irannejad N (2019) Electrochemical detection techniques in biosensor applications. In: Electrochemical biosensors. Elsevier, London. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816491-4.00002-4
Roushani M, Shahdost-fard F (2018) Impedimetric detection of cocaine by using an aptamer attached to a screen printed electrode modified with a dendrimer/silver nanoparticle nanocomposite. Microchim Acta 185:214
Saberi Z, Rezaei B, Faroukhpour H, Ensafi AA (2018) A fluorometric aptasensor for methamphetamine based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer using cobalt oxyhydroxide nanosheets and carbon dots. Microchim Acta 185:303
Saberi Z, Rezaei B, Rezaei P, Ensafi AA (2020) Design a fluorometric aptasensor based on CoOOH nanosheets and carbon dots for simultaneous detection of lysozyme and adenosine triphosphate. Spectrochim Acta 2020:118197
Sajid M, Kawde A-N, Daud M (2015) Designs, formats and applications of lateral flow assay: a literature review. J Saudi Chem Soc 19:689–705
Sanghavi BJ, Moore JA, Chávez JL, Hagen JA, Kelley-Loughnane N, Chou C-F, Swami NS (2016) Aptamer-functionalized nanoparticles for surface immobilization-free electrochemical detection of cortisol in a microfluidic device. Biosens Bioelectron 78:244–252
Saraf N, Bosak A, Willenberg A, Das S, Willenberg BJ, Seal S (2017) Colorimetric detection of epinephrine using an optimized paper-based aptasensor. RSC Adv 7:49133–49143
Seo HB, Kwon YS, Lee J, Cullen D, Noh HM, Gu MB (2015) A novel reflectance-based aptasensor using gold nanoparticles for the detection of oxytetracycline. Analyst 140:6671–6675
Sharma A, Istamboulie G, Hayat A, Catanante G, Bhand S, Marty JL (2017) Disposable and portable aptamer functionalized impedimetric sensor for detection of kanamycin residue in milk sample. Sensors Actuators B Chem 245:507–515
Shi Z, Hou W, Jiao Y, Guo Y, Sun X, Zhao J, Wang X (2017) Ultra-sensitive aptasensor based on il and Fe3O4 nanoparticles for tetracycline detection. Int J Electrochem Sci 12:7426–7434
Silver B, Ramaiya K, Andrew SB, Fredrick O, Bajaj S, Kalra S, Charlotte BM, Claudine K, Makhoba A (2018) EADSG guidelines: insulin therapy in diabetes. Diabetes Ther 9:449–492
Simons FER (2004) First-aid treatment of anaphylaxis to food: focus on epinephrine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:837–844
Singh V (2020) Ultrasensitive quantum dot-coupled-surface plasmon microfluidic aptasensor array for serum insulin detection. Talanta 219:121314
St John A, Price CP (2014) Existing and emerging technologies for point-of-care testing. Clin Biochem Rev 35:155
Sun J, **anyu Y, Jiang X (2014) Point-of-care biochemical assays using gold nanoparticle-implemented microfluidics. Chem Soc Rev 43:6239–6253
Tabrizi MA, Shamsipur M, Saber R, Sarkar S, Besharati M (2018) An electrochemical aptamer-based assay for femtomolar determination of insulin using a screen printed electrode modified with mesoporous carbon and 1,3,6,8-pyrenetetrasulfonate. Microchim Acta 185:59
Taleat Z, Khoshroo A, Mazloum-Ardakani M (2014) Screen-printed electrodes for biosensing: a review (2008–2013). Microchim Acta 181:865–891
Tian R, Ji J, Zhou Y, Du Y, Bian X, Zhu F, Liu G, Deng S, Wan Y, Yan J (2020) Terminal-conjugated non-aggregated constraints of gold nanoparticles on lateral flow strips for mobile phone readouts of enrofloxacin. Biosens Bioelectron 2020:112218
Tudorache M, Bala C (2007) Biosensors based on screen-printing technology, and their applications in environmental and food analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 388:565–578
Van Hout MC, Horan A, Santlal K, Rich E, Bergin M (2018) ‘Codeine is my companion’: misuse and dependence on codeine containing medicines in Ireland. J Psychol Med 35:275–288
Vinci G, Rapa M (2019) Noble metal nanoparticles applications: recent trends in food control. Bioengineering 6:10
Wadhwa S, John AT, Nagabooshanam S, Mathur A, Narang J (2020) Graphene quantum dot-gold hybrid nanoparticles integrated aptasensor for ultra-sensitive detection of vitamin D3 towards point-of-care application. Appl Surf Sci 2020:146427
Wang J (2002) Electrochemical detection for microscale analytical systems: a review. Talanta 56:223–231
Wang H, Liu Y, Liu C, Huang J, Yang P, Liu B (2010) Microfluidic chip-based aptasensor for amplified electrochemical detection of human thrombin. Electrochem Commun 12:258–261
Wang J, Cheng W, Meng F, Yang M, Pan Y, Miao P (2018a) Hand-in-hand RNA nanowire-based aptasensor for the detection of theophylline. Biosens Bioelectron 101:153–158
Wang L, Musile G, McCord BR (2018b) An aptamer-based paper microfluidic device for the colorimetric determination of cocaine. Electrophoresis 39:470–475
Wang Y, Luo J, Liu J, Sun S, **ong Y, Ma Y, Yan S, Yang Y, Yin H, Cai X (2019) Label-free microfluidic paper-based electrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive and simultaneous multiplexed detection of cancer biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 136:84–90
Weng C-H, Chou H-Y, Chen M-H, Lin Y-S (2018) A portable platform for the quantification of vitamin D levels by using paper-based microfluidic. In: 2018 11th biomedical engineering international conference (BMEiCON). IEEE, Piscataway, pp 1–3
Wightman RM, May LJ, Michael AC (1988) Detection of dopamine dynamics in the brain. Anal Chem 60:769–793
Wu Y, Liu B, Huang P, Wu F-Y (2019) A novel colorimetric aptasensor for detection of chloramphenicol based on lanthanum ion–assisted gold nanoparticle aggregation and smartphone imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 411:7511–7518
Yang J, Wang K, Xu H, Yan W, ** Q, Cui D (2019) Detection platforms for point-of-care testing based on colorimetric, luminescent and magnetic assays: a review. Talanta 202:96–110
Yao Y, Jiang C, ** J (2019) Flexible freestanding graphene paper-based potentiometric enzymatic aptasensor for ultrasensitive wireless detection of kanamycin. Biosens Bioelectron 123:178–184
Yildirim-Tirgil N, Lee J, Cho H, Lee H, Somu S, Busnaina A, Gu AZ (2019) A SWCNT based aptasensor system for antibiotic oxytetracycline detection in water samples. Anal Methods 11:2692–2699
Yu N, Wu J (2019) Rapid and reagentless detection of thrombin in clinic samples via microfluidic aptasensors with multiple target-binding sites. Biosens Bioelectron 146:111726
Yu M, **a T, Bai W, Ji J, Wang H, Huang Y, Deng S, Ma K, Su Y, Wan Y (2020) Handheld aptasensor for sandwiched detection of chloramphenicol. Chem Res Chin Univ 2020:1–5
Yuan Q, Lu D, Zhang X, Chen Z, Tan W (2012) Aptamer-conjugated optical nanomaterials for bioanalysis. Trends Anal Chem 39:72–86
Zhan X, Hu G, Wagberg T, Zhan S, Xu H, Zhou P (2016) Electrochemical aptasensor for tetracycline using a screen-printed carbon electrode modified with an alginate film containing reduced graphene oxide and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. Microchim Acta 183:723–729
Zhang Y, Zuo P, Ye B-C (2015) A low-cost and simple paper-based microfluidic device for simultaneous multiplex determination of different types of chemical contaminants in food. Biosens Bioelectron 68:14–19
Zhang W, Wang R, Luo F, Wang P, Lin Z (2020) Miniaturized electrochemical sensors and their point-of-care applications. Chin Chem Lett 31:589–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2019.09.022
Zhao J, Liu M, Zhang Y, Li H, Lin Y, Yao S (2013) Apoferritin protein nanoparticles dually labeled with aptamer and horseradish peroxidase as a sensing probe for thrombin detection. Anal Chim Acta 759:53–60
Zhao Y, Liu X, Li J, Qiang W, Sun L, Li H, Xu D (2016) Microfluidic chip-based silver nanoparticles aptasensor for colorimetric detection of thrombin. Talanta 150:81–87
Zhou G, Wilson G, Hebbard L, Duan W, Liddle C, George J, Qiao L (2016) Aptamers: a promising chemical antibody for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 7:13446
Zhou Y, Ji Y, Cao Z (2020) Recent advances in optical detection of aminoglycosides. Appl Sci 10:6579
Zhu Y, Chandra P, Song K-M, Ban C, Shim Y-B (2012) Label-free detection of kanamycin based on the aptamer-functionalized conducting polymer/gold nanocomposite. Biosens Bioelectron 36:29–34
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Saberi, Z., Rezaei, B., Kazemifard, N. (2022). Aptamer-Based Miniaturized Technology for Drug Analysis. In: Chandra, P. (eds) Biosensing and Micro-Nano Devices. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8333-6_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8333-6_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-8332-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-8333-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)