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Between “Paper Law” and “Living Law”: Banfang in the Qing Dynasty

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Abstract

Even today, expressions such as “zuo ban fang” (be in jail), “dun jian yu” (be imprisoned), etc. are still commonly used in Chinese daily language and frequently appear on news media. Ordinary people tend to take “banfang” for prison.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Dictionary of Etymology (1989), p. 1114.

  2. 2.

    Cao and Gao (2004), p. 698.

  3. 3.

    Veritable Records of Tongzhi (1960–1970), Vol. 34, the seventh lunar month of the 1st year of Tongzhi’s reign, p. 866; Veritable Records of Guangxu (1960–1970), Vol. 94, the fifth lunar month of the 5th year of Guangxu’s reign, p. 857.

  4. 4.

    Veritable Records of Yongzheng (1960–1970), Vol. 92, March of the 8th year of Yongzheng’s reign, pp. 1407, 1408.

  5. 5.

    First Historical Archives of China (2003).

  6. 6.

    Lu (1986), Vol. 477, the renwu day of the eleventh lunar month of the 7th year of Yuanyou’s reign, p. 11354.

  7. 7.

    See Hamashima (1984), pp. 473–486.

  8. 8.

    See Zhou Qingyuan. Qingyushengxingshu, in He (1972), Vol. 93, xingzheng 4, zhiyu 1, Modern Chinese Historical Materials Series, Book 74, 731, pp. 3314, 3315.

  9. 9.

    Huang (1997), Vol. 13, xingmingbujian**, p. 359.

  10. 10.

    See Lao She. Tea House, Act 1, in Wu (1997), Compilation 15, drama, Vol. 1, p. 466.

  11. 11.

    Huang (1997), Vol. 11, xingmingbu, p. 335.

  12. 12.

    Collections of Hunan Provincial Substatutes, Vol. 10, xinglv·susong, the edition kept at The Institute of Oriental Culture, Tokyo University. Quoted from Susumu Fuma. The Litigation Masterss and Lawsuit System of Ming and Qing, in Shuzo et al. (1998), p. 424.

  13. 13.

    Tian et al. (2004),Book 1, Huangyan lawsuit archives, p. 305, 286.

  14. 14.

    Tian et al. (2004), Book 1, Huangyan lawsuit archives, p. 302.

  15. 15.

    See Qing Dynasty Jiangxi Surveillance Commission (61.

    Zhuang Chengfu,”On Unorthodox Careers”, in Zhang and Gu (1988), Book 11, p. 667.

  16. 62.

    Ding et al. (1994), “Memo on the Chinese Law Adjustment of the 12 Articles upon the Emperor’s Order” (the sixth lunar month 4 of the 27th year of Guangxu’s reign), p. 588.

  17. 63.

    Ibid.

  18. 64.

    For example, Archives Memos with Emperors’ Comments in Red, Vol. 3, Falvlei·Lvli. Quoted from a second source Wu (1998), p. 247.

  19. 65.

    Imperially Endorsed Precedents of the Collected Statutes of the Great Qing Dynasty (Guangxu edition) (1976), Vol. 135, libu, chufengli, jiyu 2, p. 6886.

  20. 66.

    Wang Huizu. Chenzhizaiqin, in Shao (1980), Vol. 35, neizhengbu 9·chenzhi, in Modern Chinese Historical Materials Series, Book 72, 711–720, p. 1408.

  21. 67.

    The statement herein follows the common expression among Chinese scholars. However, in fact, the original German sentence is: Was vernünftig ist, das ist wirklich; und was wirklich ist, das ist vernünftig. See in Hegel (2000), Einleitung, XXI.

  22. 68.

    Lu (1986), Vol. 8, p. 144.

  23. 69.

    Ge (1972), Vol. 87, in Modern Chinese Historical Materials Series, Book 75, 741, p. 2223.

  24. 70.

    Fujian Provincial Substatutes (1987), “Abuses of bailiff and extortion should be prohibited, and only one bailliff should be assigned for one subpoena”, Taiwan Literature and Historical Materials Series, Book 7, 141–142, p. 951.

  25. 71.

    Compilation of Primary Documentation from Taiwan Danxin Administration Archives (Dan **n dang a xuan lu xing zheng bian chu ji) (1984), Book 1, Taiwan Literature and Historical Materials Series, Compilation 3, 295, p. 193.

  26. 72.

    Gan (1966), Vol. 5, lizhi 3, jianyu, Yuan Shikai Materials Collection, p. 425.

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  1. Law School, Renmin University of China, Bei**g, China

    Zhang Shiming

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Shiming, Z. (2021). Between “Paper Law” and “Living Law”: Banfang in the Qing Dynasty. In: Law, Resources and Time-Space Constructing. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8055-7_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8055-7_2

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