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Microbe-Mediated Amelioration of Salinity Stress in Crops

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Plant Stress Mitigators

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Abstract

Salinity is the key constraint that affects the crop growth, metabolism, and yield because of high abundance of salts present in the soil. The area and agriculture crop affected by salinity stress are increasing day by day. Salinity stress disturbs many physiological, biochemical, and molecular parameters in crop plants. Therefore, there is urgent need of promising candidate, which helps to mitigate salinity stress, favors plant growth, and also has environment-friendly impact. The characterization and exploitation of soil microbes (especially mycorrhizal fungi, PGPR, endophytes such as Piriformospora indica and cyanobacteria) in agriculture open new alternatives to overcome salinity stress. Amelioration of salinity in plant occurs through plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPB) by applying different strategies such as they introduce synthesis of antioxidative enzyme to cope with reactive oxygen species, which is generated during salt stress in plants, and stimulates accumulation of osmolyte in plants, and plants inoculated with PGPB have high K+/Na+ ratio that favors salinity tolerance. Besides these, PGPB produces various hormones (auxin, cytokinins, and gibberellins) to mitigate salt stress. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) equipped with fascinating mechanisms are useful in mitigating the adverse effect of salinity stress. AMF inoculation in plant increases the mineral nutrient uptake of K, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn, reduces the uptake of Na+, and accumulation of proline and phenol increases, which also reduced the effect of salinity in plants. Several AMF species produced various antioxidative enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and peroxidase (POD) that help to minimize the effect of ROS produced at the time of salinity stress. An endophyte, P. indica, colonizes with a broad range of plant species. P. indica root colonization helps in amelioration of salt stress by manipulating hormone signaling pathways and enhanced root cell division by production of IAA hormone, which results in better absorption of nutrient and plant growth. Cyanobacteria can survive and live under extreme salinity and further utilized to increase the soil fertility.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India

    Monika

  2. Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India

    A. Kumar, N. Kumar,  Mamta, N. Yadav & S. S. Arya

  3. Department of Environmental Science, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India

    S. Kumar

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  1. Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Anukool Vaishnav

  2. Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India

    S.S Arya

  3. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, India

    D K Choudhary

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Monika et al. (2022). Microbe-Mediated Amelioration of Salinity Stress in Crops. In: Vaishnav, A., Arya, S., Choudhary, D.K. (eds) Plant Stress Mitigators. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7759-5_20

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