Convention on Biological Diversity and Its Impact on Research, with Special Reference to Ichthyology

Abstract

Outlines and backgrounds of the Convention on Biological Diversity and related international frameworks, in particular the Nagoya Protocol, and Access and Benefit-Sharing, that have been significantly impacting scientific studies, including ichthyological research, are reviewed. The Convention objectives have sometimes been misunderstood as referring only to “conservation of biological diversity,” although two other objectives exist: “sustainable use of the components of biological diversity” and “fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.” On the basis of Articles 19, 6, and 15 of the Convention, the Cartagena Protocol, National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans, and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing were also established. The Cartagena Protocol was set up to ensure adequate levels of protection in the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, with special focus on transboundary movements. To enrich biodiversity in Japan and achieve a society in harmony with nature through the maintenance and recovery of biodiversity, and the sustainable use of its components, the National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan 2012–2020 was established with long- and short-term targets, basic strategies, 13 national targets consistent with the five strategic targets of the Aichi Biodiversity Target, indicating 41 key action goals for the achievement of national targets, and 81 indicators for determining the achievement status of the latter. The Nagoya Protocol is a legally binding international framework, the main objective being fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, including appropriate access to such resources. However, the Protocol also clarifies that a person who wish to access/use biological resources of a foreign country has to establish mutually agreed terms with the provider, obtain a prior informed consent from the providing country, and share benefits arising from their utilization fairly and equitably. Because of the procedures, researchers are currently required to expend significant time and cost to newly access/use biological resources of foreign countries, even in non-commercial academic studies. In addition, domestic measures taken in Japan are also reviewed, with an emphasis on procedures for accessing fishes within Japan for research activities.