Abstract
Globalisation, knowledge economies, technology explosion, and COVID-19 pandemics have brought about unprecedented changes and the pervasive needs to cultivate learners’ problem-solving, innovation, and creative capacity for knowledge work. This chapter discusses the knowledge building model that brings knowledge creation to classrooms for educational and pedagogical innovation, drawing from international and Asia-Pacific research. Originating in Canada, knowledge building is now implemented in K-12 and tertiary classrooms internationally and in the Asia-Pacific, including Singapore, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, and New Zealand. Knowledge building emphasises student agency and collective responsibility; students are engaged directly in knowledge work pursuing sustained idea development, the foundational practice of knowledge creation. Knowledge Forum® (KF) is a custom-built knowledge-building technology developed in tandem with advances in knowledge-building theory and practice. This chapter first introduces the knowledge building model’s theory, pedagogy, and technology featuring principle-based pedagogical innovation. Four major lines of knowledge-building research from the Asia-Pacific are discussed, including (a) Fostering and designing knowledge-building environments, (b) Examining effects and impacts of knowledge building, (c) Teacher learning, professional development and systemic change, and (d) Technological and methodological advances. This chapter also discusses cultural-contextual challenges and opportunities, including the examination culture and the paradox of the Chinese learner, for adopting innovation in Asian classrooms. The contributions and implications of knowledge building research for advancing educational and pedagogical innovation internationally and in the Asia-Pacific are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bereiter, C. (2005). Education and mind in the knowledge age. Routledge.
Bereiter, C., & Scardamalia, M. (1993a). The psychology of written composition. Routledge.
Bereiter, C., & Scardamalia, M. (1993b). Surpassing ourselves. An inquiry into the nature and implications of expertise. Open Court.
Bielaczyc, K., & Ow, J. (2014). Multi-player epistemic games: Guiding the enactment of classroom knowledge-building communities. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 9(1), 33–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-013-9186-z
Chai, C. S., & Tan, S. C. (2009). Professional development of teachers for computer-supported collaborative learning: A knowledge-building approach. Teachers College Record, 111(5), 1296–1327. Retrieved from https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67149147112&partnerID=40&md5=bfea673aca48bdb3709afe5c41f03f4a
Chai, S., & Zhu, G. (2021). The relationship between group adoption of Knowledge Building principles and performance in creating artifacts. Educational Technology Research and Development, 69(2), 787–808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-021-09986-3
Chan, C. K. K. (2008). Pedagogical transformation and knowledge-building for the Chinese learner. Evaluation and Research in Education, 21(3), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500790802485245
Chan, C. K. K. (2009). Classroom innovations for the Chinese learner: Transcending dichotomies and transforming pedagogy. In C. K. K. Chan & N. Rao (Eds.), Revisiting the Chinese learner: Changing contexts, changing education (pp. 169–210). CERC, University of Hong Kong/springer.
Chan, C. K. K. (2011). Bridging research and practice: Implementing and sustaining Knowledge Building in Hong Kong classrooms. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 6(2), 147–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-011-9121-0
Chan, C. K. K., & van Aalst, J. (2006). Teacher development through computer-supported Knowledge Building: Experience from Hong Kong and Canadian teachers. Teaching Education (Columbia, S.C.), 17(1), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210500527907
Chan, C. K. K., & van Aalst, J. (2018). Knowledge building: Theory, design and analysis. In F. Fischer, C. E. Hmelo-Silver, S. R. Goldman, & P. Reimann (Eds.), International handbook of the learning sciences (pp. 295–307). Routledge.
Chan, C. K. K., Lam, I. C. K., & Leung, R. W. H. (2012). Can collaborative Knowledge Building promote both scientific processes and science achievement? International Journal of Educational Psychology, 1(3), 199–227. https://doi.org/10.4471/ijep.2012/12
Chen, B., & Hong, H. Y. (2016). Schools as knowledge-building organisations: Thirty years of design research. Educational Psychologist, 51(2), 266–288.
Dawkins, R. (1976). The selfish gene. New York: Oxford University Press.
Deng, Z. (2023). Recontextualising and translating twenty-first-century competencies into the curriculum: Bringing Didaktik into the conversation. In International handbook of educational development in the Asia-Pacific. Springer Nature Singapore.
Fishman, B., Penuel, W. R., & Sabelli, N. (2013). Design-based implementation research: An emerging model for transforming the relationships of research and practice. Teacher College Record, 115(14), 136–156.
Fu, E., van Aalst, J., & Chan, C. K. K. (2016). Towards a classification of discourse patterns in asynchronous online discussions. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 11(4), 441–476.
Goh, A., Chai, C. S., & Tsai, C. C. (2013). Facilitating students’ development of their views on nature of science: A knowledge building approach. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 22(4), 521–530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-012-0050-0
Hong, H. Y., & Chai, C. S. (2017). Principle-based design: Development of adaptive mathematics teaching practices and beliefs in a knowledge-building environment. Computers and Education, 115, 38–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.07.011
Hong, H. Y., & Chiu, C. H. (2016). Understanding how students perceive the role of ideas for their knowledge work in a knowledge-building environment. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 32(1), 32–46. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.1873
Hong, H. Y., & Lin, P. Y. (2019). Elementary students enhancing their understanding of energy-saving through idea-centered collaborative knowledge-building scaffolds and activities. Educational technology research and development, 67(1), 63–83.
Hong, H. Y., Chang, Y. H. & Chai, C. S. (2014). Fostering a collaborative and creative climate in a college class through idea-centered knowledge-building. Instructional Science, 42(3), 389–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-013-9289-y
Hong, H. Y., Lin, P. Y., Chai, C. S., Hung, G. T., & Zhang, Y. (2019a). Fostering design-oriented collective reflection among pre-service teachers through principle-based knowledge building activities. Computers and Education, 130, 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.12.001
Hong, H. Y., Lin, P. Y., Chen, B., & Chen, N. (2019b). Integrated STEM learning in an idea-centered knowledge-building environment. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 28(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-018-0409-y
Hong, H. Y., Ma, L., Lin, P. Y., & Yuan-Hsuan Lee, K. (2020). Advancing third graders’ reading comprehension through collaborative Knowledge Building: A comparative study in Taiwan. Computers and Education, 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103962
Hung, G. T., & Hong, H. Y. (2017). Fostering innovation-oriented cultural views among college students through knowledge-building pedagogy. Learning: Research and Practice, 3(2), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/23735082.2017.1341053
Koh, E., & Hu, X. (2023). Learning analytics for learning: Emerging international trends and case studies from the Asia Pacific. In International handbook of educational development in the Asia Pacific. Springer Nature Singapore.
Lai, K. W., & Campbell, M. (2018). Develo** secondary students’ epistemic agency in a knowledge-building community. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 27(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2017.1369150
Lai, M., & Law, N. (2016). Peer scaffolding of knowledge building through collaborative groups with differential learning experiences. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 35(2), 123–144.
Lee, A. V. Y., & Tan, S. C. (2017a). Promising ideas for collective advancement of communal knowledge using temporal analytics and cluster analysis. Journal of Learning Analytics, 4(3), 76–101. https://doi.org/10.18608/jla.2017.43.5
Lee, A. V. Y., & Tan, S. C. (2017b). Understanding idea flow: Applying learning analytics in discourse. Learning: Research and Practice, 3(1), 12–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/23735082.2017.1283437
Lee, E. Y. C., Chan, C. K. K., & van Aalst, J. (2006). Students assessing their own collaborative Knowledge Building. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 1(1), 57–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-006-6844-4
Lei, C., & Chan, C. K. K. (2018). Develo** metadiscourse through reflective assessment in Knowledge Building environments. Computers and Education, 126, 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.07.006
Li, P. J., Hong, H. Y., Chai, C. S., Tsai, C. C., & Lin, P. Y. (2020). Fostering students’ scientific inquiry through computer-supported collaborative Knowledge Building. Research in Science Education, 50(5), 2035–2053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-018-9762-3
Lin, F., & Chan, C. K. K. (2018). Promoting elementary students’ epistemology of science through computer-supported knowledge-building discourse and epistemic reflection. International Journal of Science Education, 40(6), 668–687. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2018.1435923
Lin, P. Y., Hong, H. Y., & Chai, C. S. (2020). Fostering college students’ design thinking in a knowledge-building environment. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(3), 949–974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-019-09712-0
Luan, H., & Tsai, C. C. (2023). Advances in personal epistemology in the Asia Pacific: A content and bibliometric analysis. In International handbook of educational development in the Asia-Pacific. Springer Nature Singapore.
Lossman, H., & So, H. J. (2010). Toward pervasive Knowledge Building discourse: Analysing online and offline discourses of primary science learning in Singapore. Asia-Pacific Education Review, 11(2), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-009-9063-7
Marton, F. (1996). Memorisation and understanding. The key to the paradox? In D. A. Watkins & J. Biggs (Eds.), The Chinese learner: Cultural, psychological and contextual influences (pp. 69–83). Comparative Education Research Centre, Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, and the Australian Council for Educational Research.
OECD. (2013). New sources of growth: Knowledge-based capital – key analyses and policy conclusions – synthesis report. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/knowledge-based-capital-synthesis.pdf
Oshima, J., Oshima, R., & Matsuzawa, Y. (2012). Knowledge building discourse explorer: A social network analysis application for knowledge building discourse. Educational Technology Research and Development, 60, 903–921.
Oshima, J., Oshima, R., & Saruwatari, S. (2020). Analysis of students’ ideas and conceptual artefacts in knowledge building discourse. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(4), 1308–1321.
Oshima, J., van Aalst, J., Mu, J., & Chan, C. K. K. (2023). Development of the learning sciences: Theories, pedagogies and technologies. In International handbook of educational development in the Asia Pacific. Springer Nature Singapore.
Paavola, S., & Hakkarainen, K. (2014). Trialogical approach for knowledge creation. In S. C. Tan, H. J. So, & J. Yeo (Eds.), Knowledge creation in education (pp. 53–73). Springer.
Popper, K. (1978). Three worlds. Retrieved from https://tannerlectures.utah.edu/_resources/documents/a-to-z/p/popper80.pdf
Sawyer, R. K. (2022). An introduction to the learning sciences. In R. K. Sawyer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (pp. 1–23). Cambridge University Press.
Scardamalia, M. (2002). Collective cognitive responsibility for the advancement of knowledge. In B. Smith (Ed.), Liberal education in a knowledge society (pp. 67–98). Open Court.
Scardamalia, N., & Bereiter, C. (2014). Knowledge building and knowledge creation: Theory, pedagogy, and technology. In R. K. Sawyer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (2nd ed., pp. 397–417). Cambridge University Press.
Schaffer, D. W., Hatfield, D., Svarovsky, G. N., Nash, P., Nulty, A., Bagley, E., & Mislevy, R. (2009). Epistemic network analysis. A prototype for 21st-century assessment of learning. International Journal of Learning and Media, 1(2), 33–53.
So, H. J., Seah, L. H., & Toh-Heng, H. L. (2010). Designing collaborative Knowledge Building environments accessible to all learners: Impacts and design challenges. Computers and Education, 54(2), 479–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.08.031
So, H. J., Tan, E., & Tay, J. (2012). Collaborative mobile learning in situ from Knowledge Building perspectives. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 21(1), 51–62. Retrieved from https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858756371&partnerID=40&md5=ad97b5e314b0d5b67f4bb6cc5557ed93
Tan, S. C. (2023). Navigating the pedagogical space for knowledge building classrooms: Theories, principles, and practices. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003146889
Tan, S. C., & Seah, L. H. (2011). Exploring the relationship between students’ questioning behaviors and inquiry tasks in an online forum through analysis of the ideational function of questions. Computers and Education, 57(2), 1675–1685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.03.007
Tan, S. C., Chan, C., Bielaczyc, K., Ma, L., Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (2021a). Knowledge building: Aligning education with needs for knowledge creation in the digital age. Educational Technology Research and Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09914-x
Tan, S. C., Wang, X., & Li, L. (2021b). The development trajectory of shared epistemic agency in online collaborative learning: A study combing network analysis and sequential analysis. Journal of Educational Computing Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331211001562
Teo, C. L. (2019). Community-based design research to sustain classroom innovation with ICT. In D. Hung, S. S. Lee, Y. Toh, A. Jamaludin, & L. Wu (Eds.), Innovations in educational change (Education innovation series) (pp. 103–118). Springer.
Teo, C. L., Tan, S. C., & Chan, C. K. K. (2021a). Pedagogical transformation and teacher learning for knowledge building: Turning COVID-19 challenges into opportunities. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 47(4), 1–26.
Teo, C. L., Ong, A., & Lee, A. V. Y. (2021b). Exploring the role of curriculum in learning analytics to support knowledge-building practice. In C. E. Hmelo-Silver, B. De Wever, & J. Oshima (Eds.), Proceedings of the 14th international conference on computer-supported collaborative learning CSCL 2021 (pp. 297–298). International Society of the Learning Sciences.
Tsui, A. B. M. (2005). Expertise in teaching: Perspectives and issues (pp. 167–189). Palgrave Macmillan.
Tsui, A. B., & Wong, J. L. (2009). In search of a third space: Teacher development in mainland China. In C. K. K. Chan & N. Rao (Eds.), Revisiting the Chinese learner: Changing contexts, changing education (pp. 281–311). CERC, University of Hong Kong and Springer.
UNESCO. (2011). UNESCO ICT competency framework for teachers. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000213475_eng
van Aalst, J., & Chan, C. K. K. (2007). Student-directed assessment of knowledge building using electronic portfolios. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 16(2), 175–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508500701193697
van Aalst, J., & Truong, M. S. (2011). Promoting knowledge creation discourse in an Asian primary five classroom: Results from an inquiry into life cycles. International Journal of Science Education, 33(4), 487–515.
Watkins, D. A., & Biggs, J. B. (1996). The Chinese learner: Cultural, psychological, and contextual influences. Comparative Education Research Centre, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; The Australian Council for Educational Research, Melbourne, Australia.
Watkins, D. A., & Biggs, J. B. (Eds.). (2001). The Chinese learner: Cultural, psychological and contextual influences. Comparative Education Research Centre, Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, and the Australian Council for Educational Research.
Yang, Y., van Aalst, J., Chan, C. K., & Tian, W. (2016). Reflective assessment in knowledge building by students with low academic achievement. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 11(3), 281–311.
Yang, Y., van Aalst, J., & Chan, C. K. K. (2020). Dynamics of reflective assessment and Knowledge Building for academically low-achieving students. American Educational Research Journal, 57(3), 1241–1289. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831219872444
Yang, Y., Zhu, G., Sun, D., & Chan, C. K. K. (2022). Collaborative analytics-supported reflective assessment for scaffolding pre-service teachers’ collaborative inquiry and knowledge building. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 17(2), 249–292.
Zhao, K., & Chan, C. K. K. (2014). Fostering collective and individual learning through Knowledge Building. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 9(1), 63–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-013-9188-x
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Chan, C.K.K., Tan, S.C. (2023). Knowledge Building Model for Educational and Pedagogical Innovation and Cultural-Contextual Influences. In: Lee, W.O., Brown, P., Goodwin, A.L., Green, A. (eds) International Handbook on Education Development in Asia-Pacific. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2327-1_53-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2327-1_53-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-2327-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-2327-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education