Central Asia in Eurasia: Its Role in History

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Abstract

Traditionally, Eurasia’s inner areas have remained almost unnoticed in the huge continent’s complex and multi-faceted history, when compared, of course, with the great civilisations of Western and Eastern Europe, China, India and the Middle East.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Laruelle M., Peyrouse S., Globalizing Central Asia. Geopolitics and the Challenges of Economic Development, NY, M.E. Sharpe, 2013, p. XIV.

  2. 2.

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    Eurasia at a Crossroads: A Megacontinent’s Future in a Globalized World, IWEP, Astana, 2016, p. 8.

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    Marozzi J., Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World, London, Harper Collins, 2004, p. 198.

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    Chelebi E., Kniga puteshestviia (izvlecheniia iz sochineniia turetskogo puteshestvennika XVII veka) [Book of Travel: Extracts from a Work of a 17th Century Turkish Traveller], translation and commentary, 2nd ed., Zemli Severnogo Kavkaza, Povolzh’ia i Podon’ia, Moscow, 1979, p. 143.

  6. 6.

    Marozzi J., Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World, London, HarperCollins, 2004, p. 200.

  7. 7.

    Cited in Buniiatov Z., Gosudarstvo Khorezmshakhov-Anushteginidov, 1097–1231 [The State of Khwarazmian Shahs]. Moscow, Nauka, 1986, p. 62.

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    Beckwith C., Empires of the Silk Road. A History of Central Eurasian from Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2009, p. 328.

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    Mote F., Imperial China, 900–1800. Harvard University Press, 3rd ed., 2003, p. 722.

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    Carrère d’Encausse H., Evraziiskaia imperiia. Istoriia Rossiiskoi imperii s 1552 do nashikh dnei, Moscow, ROSSPEN, 2007, p. 66.

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    Akimbekov S. M., Kazakhstan v Rossiiskoi imperii [Kazakhstan in the Russian Empire], Alamaty, IAI, 2018, p. 139.

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    Snesarev A. E., Afganistan [Afghanistan], Moscow, Russkaia panorama, 2002, pp. 211–212.

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    Sergeev E. Iu., Bol’shaia igra, 1856–1907: mify i realii rossiisko-britanskikh otnoshenii v Tsenral’noi i Vostochnoi Azii [The Great Game, 1856–1907: Myths and Reality of Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia], Moscow, KMK, 2012, pp. 68 and 73.

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    Lords Sitting, Cultivation of Cotton in India, Observations. HL Deb., 31 May 1861 vol. 163. pp. 350–373, https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1861/may/31/observations.

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    Carrère d’Encausse H., Evraziiskaia imperiia. Istoriia Rossiiskoi imperii s 1552 do nashikh dnei [Eurasian empire: The History of Russian empire from 1552 to the current], Moscow, ROSSPEN, 2007, p. 64.

  16. 16.

    Akimbekov S. M., Istoriia Afganistana [The History of Afghanistan], Astana-Almaty, IMEP, 2015, p. 89.

  17. 17.

    Ibid., p. 90.

  18. 18.

    Burkhard D., “In the Tracks of Tamerlane: Central Asia’s Path to the 21th Century” in In the Tracks of Tamerlane: Central Asia’s Path to the 21th Century, ed. Burkhard D., Sabonis-Helf T., Washington, National Defence University, 2004, p. 6.

  19. 19.

    Sergeev E. Iu., Bol’shaia igra, 1856–1907: mify i realii rossiisko-britanskikh otnoshenii v Tsenral’noi i Vostochnoi Azii, p. 160.

  20. 20.

    “Bol’shaia igra” v Tsentral’noi Azii: “Indiiskii pokhod” russkoi armii [“The Great Game” in Central Asia: “Indian Campaign” of the Russian Army]. A collection of archive documents, compiled (with preface and commentary) by Zagorodinkovaia T. N., Moscow, Novyi khronograf, 2014, p. 222.

  21. 21.

    Genis V., Krasnaia Persiia. Bol’sheviki v Giliane. 1920–1921 [The Red Persia: Bolsheviks in Gilan], Moscow, MNPI, 2000, p. 144.

  22. 22.

    Ibid., p. 83.

  23. 23.

    Martin T., An Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Ithaca and London: Coenell University Press, 2017, p. 72.

  24. 24.

    Cited in Abdullaev R., Agzamkhodzhaev S., Alimov I., Turkestan v nachale XX veka: K istorii istokov natsional’noi nezavisimosti [Turkestan at the Beginning of the 20th Century: On the History of the Sources of National Independence], Tashkent, Shark, 2000, p. 154.

  25. 25.

    Lenin V. I. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii [Complete Works], Vol .41. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo politicheckoi literatury, 1981, p. 436.

  26. 26.

    Rossiia i Tsentral’naia Aziia. Konets XIX—nachalo XX veka. [Russia in Central Asia in Late 19thEarly 20th Centuries]. A Collection of Documents and Materials, ed. D. A. Amanzholov, Moscow, Novyi khronograf, 2017, p. 393.

  27. 27.

    Akimbekov S. M., Afganskii uzel i problemy bezopasnosti Tsentral’noi Azii, Alamaty, 2003, p. 164.

  28. 28.

    Congressional Record, V. 148, PT. 1, January 23, 2002 to February 13, 2002, Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office, 2006, p. 143.

  29. 29.

    Laruelle M., Peyrouse S., Globalizing Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Challenges of Economic Development, p. 50.

  30. 30.

    Chufrin G., “Vneshnepoliticheskaia strategiia postsovetskikh stran: teoreticheskie aspekty” [Foreign Policy Strategy of Post-Soviet States: Theoretical Aspects], Rossiia i novye gosudarstva Evrazii, No. 1, IMEMO RAN, Moscow, 2018, p. 22.

  31. 31.

    Stronski P., “Cooperation and Competition: Russia and China in Central Asia, the Russian Far East and the Arctic”, https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/02/28/cooperation-and-competition-russia-and-china-in-central-asia-russian-far-east-and-arctic-pub-75673.

  32. 32.

    Laruelle M., Peyrouse S, The Chinese Question in Central Asia. Domestic Order, Social Change and the Chinese Factor, Columbia University Press, NY, 2012, p. 33.

  33. 33.

    Aruuke Uran Kyzy, The “Great Game”: Russia and China in Central Asia, Istanbul-London-Washington, TRT World, 2019, p. 12.

  34. 34.

    Henry Kissinger, “The China Challenge,” The Wall Street Journal, May 14, 2011, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703864204576315223305697158

  35. 35.

    Laruelle M., Peyrouse S., Globalizing Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Challenges of Economic Development, p. 5.

  36. 36.

    Akimbekov S. M., Istoriia Afganistana, Astana-Almaty, IMEP, 2015, p. 657.

  37. 37.

    Stronski P., There Goes the Neighborhood: The Limits of Russian Integration in Eurasia, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, 2020, p. 3.

  38. 38.

    Peyrouse S., Boonstra J., Laruelle M., “Security and Development Approaches to Central Asia: The EU Compared to China and Russia”, EUCAM Working Paper No. 11, May 2012, p. 5.

  39. 39.

    Frankopan P., The New Silk Roads: The Present and Future of the World, Bloomsbury, London, 2018, p. 148.

  40. 40.

    McGlinchey E., Chaos, Violence, Dynasty: Politics and Islam in Central Asia, University of Pittsburg Press, 2011, p. 34.

  41. 41.

    “China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan to Conduct Joint Counter-Terrorism Exercise”, Chinese Defence Ministry, http://www.app.com.pk/china-pakistan-afghanistan-tajikistan-conduct-joint-counter-terrorism-exercise-chinese-defence-ministry/.

  42. 42.

    Stronski P., “Cooperation and Competition: Russia and China in Central Asia, the Russian Far East and the Arctic”, https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/02/28/cooperation-and-competition-russia-and-china-in-central-asia-russian-far-east-and-arctic-pub-75673.

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Akimbekov, S. (2021). Central Asia in Eurasia: Its Role in History. In: Diesen, G., Lukin, A. (eds) The Return of Eurasia. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2179-6_5

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