Abstract
The rapid increase in the use of composite materials within structural components has stimulated a significant amount of research in understanding the mechanics of the composite, as well as the ability to predict failure under a range of loading conditions. This includes impact, which can generate a considerable amount of damage in the composite. Low Velocity Impact (LVI) is one of the most critical load factors for composite laminates, incurring internal damage which could not be detected using the naked eye. This is particularly dangerous, since damage such as delamination may be present in the composite, which could seriously reduce the integrity of the structure. This chapter presents a review of the LVI testing, post-impact analysis and its subsequent response in Compression After Impact (CAI).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdulhamid H, Bouvet C, Michel L et al (2016) Experimental study of compression after impact of asymmetrically tapered composite laminate. Compos Struct 149:292–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.04.015
Abrate S (1998) Impact on Composite Structures. Impact Compos Struct. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511574504
Amaro AM, Reis PNB, de Moura MFSF, Neto MA (2014) Buckling analysis of laminated composite plates submitted to compression after impact. Fibers Polym 15:560–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-014-0560-x
ASTM-D7136-15 (2015) Standard test method for measuring the damage resistance of a fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite to a drop-weight impact event. ASTM Int
ASTM D 7137 (2012) Standard test method for compressive residual strength properties of damaged polymer matrix composite plates. ASTM Int, pp 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1520/D7137_D7137M-17
Berthelot JM (2003) Transverse cracking and delamination in cross-ply glass-fiber and carbon-fiber reinforced plastic laminates: static and fatigue loading. Appl Mech Rev 56:111–147. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1519557
Bouvet C, Castanié B, Bizeul M, Barrau JJ (2009) Low velocity impact modelling in laminate composite panels with discrete interface elements. Int J Solids Struct 46:2809–2821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.03.010
Cantwell WJ, Morton J (1989) Comparison of the low and high velocity impact response of CFRP. Composites 20:545–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4361(89)90913-0
Cantwell WJ, Morton J (1985) Detection of impact damage in CFRP laminates. Compos Struct 3:241–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-8223(85)90056-X
Crupi V, Epasto G, Guglielmino E (2014) Internal damage investigation of composites subjected to low-velocity impact. Exp Tech. https://doi.org/10.1111/ext.12096
Davies GAO, Olsson R (2004) Impact on Composite Structures. Aeronaut J 108:541–563. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001924000000385
De Freitas M, Silva A, Reis L (2000) Numerical evaluation of failure mechanisms on composite specimens subjected to impact loading. Compos B Eng 31:199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(00)00003-2
GarcÃa-RodrÃguez SM, Costa J, Bardera A et al (2018) A 3D tomographic investigation to elucidate the low-velocity impact resistance, tolerance and damage sequence of thin non-crimp fabric laminates: effect of ply-thickness. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 113:53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.07.013
Greenhalgh ES (2009) Failure analysis and fractography of polymer composites
Jih CJ, Sun CT (1993) Prediction of Delamination in Composite Laminates Subjected to Low Velocity Impact. J Compos Mater 27:684–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199839302700703
Liaw B, Delale F (2007) Hybrid carbon-glass fiber/toughened epoxy thick composite joints subject to drop-weight and ballistic impacts
Olsson R (2001) Analytical prediction of large mass impact damage in composite laminates. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 32:1207–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(01)00073-2
Puck A, Schürmann H (2004) Failure analysis of FRP laminates by means of physically based phenomenological models. Fail Criteria Fibre-Reinf-Polym Compos 832–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044475-8/50028-7
Saeedifar M, Saleh MN, El-Dessouky HM, et al (2020) Damage assessment of NCF, 2D and 3D woven composites under compression after multiple-impact using acoustic emission. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105833
Schoeppner GA, Abrate S (2000) Delamination threshold loads for low velocity impact on composite laminates. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 31:903–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(00)00061-0
Shyr TW, Pan YH (2003) Impact resistance and damage characteristics of composite laminates. Compos Struct 62:193–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8223(03)00114-4
Williams KV, Vaziri R, Poursartip A (2003) A physically based continuum damage mechanics model for thin laminated composite structures. Int J Solids Struct 40:2267–2300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7683(03)00016-7
Wisnom MR (2012) The role of delamination in failure of fibre-reinforced composites. Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 370:1850–1870. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0441
Zhou G (1995) Prediction of impact damage thresholds of glass fibre reinforced laminates. Compos Struct 31:185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-8223(94)00062-X
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Syed Abdullah, S.I.B. (2021). Low Velocity Impact Testing and Post-impact Analysis Through Compression After Impact (CAI) and C-Scan. In: Hameed Sultan, M.T., Shah, A.U.M., Saba, N. (eds) Impact Studies of Composite Materials. Composites Science and Technology . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1323-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1323-4_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-1322-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-1323-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)