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An Update on Antiretroviral Therapy

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Antiviral Drug Discovery and Development

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1322))

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) still claim many lives across the world. However, research efforts during the last 40 years have led to the approval of over 30 antiretroviral drugs and the introduction of combination therapies that have turned HIV infection into a chronic but manageable disease. In this chapter, we provide an update on current available drugs and treatments, as well as future prospects towards reducing pill burden and develo** long-acting drugs and novel antiretroviral therapies. In addition, we summarize efforts to cure HIV, including pharmaceutical strategies focused on the elimination of the virus.

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Abbreviations

AIDS:

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

ALLINI:

Allosteric integrase inhibitor

AZT:

3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine

bNAb:

Broadly neutralizing antibody

CA:

Capsid protein

CRISPR:

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

dsDNA:

Double-stranded DNA

EFdA:

4′-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

HAART:

Highly active antiretroviral therapy

HAM/TSP:

HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HDAC:

Histone deacetylases

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

HTLV:

Human T cell lymphotropic virus

IC50:

50% maximal inhibitory concentration

LEDGF:

Lens epithelium-derived growth factor

LRA:

Latency-reversing agents

NC:

Nucleocapsid protein

NNRTI:

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

NRTI:

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhi-bitor

RT:

Reverse transcriptase

SHIV:

Simian/human immunodeficiency virus

TAF:

Tenofovir alafenamide

TDF:

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

TLR:

Toll-like receptors

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants of the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (BIO2016-76716-R (AEI/FEDER, UE) and PID2019-104176RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 awarded to L.M.-A.), and CSIC (2019AEP001 awarded to L.M.-A.). S.M.-A. is a predoctoral fellow of the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (BES-2017-079836). An institutional grant of the Fundación Ramón Areces to the CBMSO is also acknowledged.

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  1. Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Luis Menéndez-Arias, Samara Martín-Alonso & Estrella Frutos-Beltrán

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  1. Luis Menéndez-Arias
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  2. Samara Martín-Alonso
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Correspondence to Luis Menéndez-Arias .

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  1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, **an, Shandong, China

    **nyong Liu

  2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, **an, Shandong, China

    Peng Zhan

  3. – Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” – Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Luis Menéndez-Arias

  4. Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark

    Vasanthanathan Poongavanam

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Menéndez-Arias, L., Martín-Alonso, S., Frutos-Beltrán, E. (2021). An Update on Antiretroviral Therapy. In: Liu, X., Zhan, P., Menéndez-Arias, L., Poongavanam, V. (eds) Antiviral Drug Discovery and Development. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1322. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_2

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