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Enolase

A Common Factor to Cancer Cells and Stem Cells, Yet with Divergent Function in Response to ROS

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Handbook of Oxidative Stress in Cancer: Mechanistic Aspects

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Abstract

Glycolysis is an ancient metabolic, oxygen-dependent, mostly cytosolic pathway that brings about conversion of glucose to pyruvate with the release of a hydrogen ion and ATP. Reactions in the glycolytic and the pentose phosphate pathways occur in metal-catalyzed, anaerobic Archean oceans, sometimes without enzymes also. Malignant tumor cells undergo glycolysis at ten times the frequency of their normal tissue counterparts. Hypoxia (decreased O2 supply) often occurs in tumor cells, making the cells adapt to this condition by relying on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP, resulting in overexpression of some enzymes in this pathway to generate energy. Factors damaging cells and promoting cancers, such as ROS (reactive oxygen species), are by-products of such inept cellular processes. Most cancers of various origins overexpress enolases, a group of glycolytic enzymes. Enolases primarily catalyze the interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate in the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Similarly, stem cells express increased glycolytic activity; however, they thrive better in reduced ROS levels. In this chapter, we describe the function of enolases and their response to ROS. We also discuss their supplemental role in cancers and stem cells. Glycolysis has been extensively studied in stem cells; however, the role enolases play specifically remains elusive and leaves much to be explored.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Genzir Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    Wasia Rizwani

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  1. Wasia Rizwani
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India

    Sajal Chakraborti

  2. Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

    Bimal K. Ray

  3. CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India

    Susanta Roychoudhury

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Rizwani, W. (2022). Enolase. In: Chakraborti, S., Ray, B.K., Roychoudhury, S. (eds) Handbook of Oxidative Stress in Cancer: Mechanistic Aspects. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9411-3_171

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