Abstract
Canola (Brassica napus), previously known as rapeseed, is one of the most commonly grown oil seeds. Its oil is commonly known for higher amount of monounsaturated fatty acids, moderate amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and substantial content of tocopherols, phytosterols, and omega-3 fatty acids. Native rapeseed used to contain higher concentration of toxic erucic acid (22–60%) and glucosinolates (80 μmol/g), which had adverse effect on nutrient’s bioavailability and growth performance of the animals. Consequently, canola, a cross-bred of rapeseed cultivar, was developed having <2% erucic acid in oil and <30 μmol glucosinolates per gram of rapeseed meal. Canola oil is probably the only edible vegetable oil by today’s standards which is nutritionally well-balanced among all other vegetable oils. Canola oil has been reported to prevent the risks of heart diseases, type II diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, etc. Apart from the cooking oil, canola oil is also used in the preparation of salad oils, salad dressings, margarines and organogels. On the other hand, defatted canola meal offers the possibility to be used as an emulsifier, gelling agents, absorbent, stabilizer, thicker, oleogelator, texturizer, etc. in a variety of food products. However, long-term human studies are required to claim the health benefits of canola protein.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aider M, Barbana C (2011) Canola proteins: composition, extraction, functional properties, bioactivity, applications as a food ingredient and allergenicity–a practical and critical review. Trends Food Sci Technol 22(1):21–39
Assadi E, Janmohammadi H, Taghizadeh A, Alijani S (2011) Nutrient composition of different varieties of full-fat canola seed and nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy of full-fat canola seed with or without enzyme addition and thermal processing. J Appl Poult Res 20(1):95–101
Baum SJ, Kris-Etherton PM, Willett WC, Lichtenstein AH, Rudel LL, Maki KC, Whelan J, Ramsden CE, Block RC (2012) Fatty acids in cardiovascular health and disease: a comprehensive update. J Clin Lipidol 6(3):216–234
Bell JM (1993) Factors affecting the nutritional value of canola meal: a review. Can J Anim Sci 73:679–697
Beyzi E, Gunes A, Beyzi SB, Konca Y (2019) Changes in fatty acid and mineral composition of rapeseed (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera L.) oil with seed sizes. Ind Crop Prod 129:10–14
Bierenbaum ML, Reichstein RP, Watkins TR, Maginnis WP, Geller M (1991) Effects of canola oil on serum lipids in humans. J Am Coll Nutr 10(3):228–233
Boot A (2016) The safety and the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status of the proposed uses of canola /rapeseed protein isolate in human food. https://www.fda.gov/media/103212/download. Accessed 22 Feb 2019
Bos C, Airinei G, Mariotti F, Benamouzig R, Bérot S, Evrard J, Fénart E, Tomé D, Gaudichon C (2007) The poor digestibility of rapeseed protein is balanced by its very high metabolic utilization in humans. J Nutr 137(3):594–600
Bozzetto L, Prinster A, Annuzzi G, Costagliola L, Mangione A, Vitelli A, Mazzarella R, Longobardo M, Mancini M, Vigorito C, Riccardi G (2012) Liver fat is reduced by an isoenergetic MUFA diet in a controlled randomized study in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 35(7):1429–1435
Cakmakli Ü, Ünal MK (1988) Composition and mineral distribution of rapeseed varieties tested for adaptation in Turkey. Lipid/Fett 90(10):386–389
Campos H, Dreon DM, Krauss RM (1996) Associations of hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activities with changes in dietary composition and low-density lipoprotein subclasses. J Lipid Res 36:462–472
Canola Council of Canada (2015) Canola meal feeding guide. https://wwwcanolacouncilorg/media/516716/2015_canola_meal_feed_industry_guidepdf. Accessed 19 July 2019
Carré P, Citeau M, Robin G, Estorges M (2016) Hull content and chemical composition of whole seeds, hulls and germs in cultivars of rapeseed (Brassica napus). OCL 23(3):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2016013
Cavins JF, Kwolek WF, Inglett GE, Cowan JC (1972) Amino acid analysis of soybean meal: interlaboratory study. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 55(4):686–691
Chaves KF, Barrera-Arellano D, Ribeiro AP (2018) Potential application of lipid organogels for food industry. Food Res Int 105:863–872
Chisholm A, Mc Auley K, Mann J, Williams S, Skeaff M (2005) Cholesterol lowering effects of nuts compared with a canola oil enriched cereal of similar fat composition. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 15(4):284–292
Cumby N, Zhong Y, Naczk M, Shahidi F (2008) Antioxidant activity and water-holding capacity of canola protein hydrolysates. Food Chem 109(1):144–148
Daun JK, Eskin MN, Hickling D (eds) (2015) Canola: chemistry, production, processing, and utilization. AOCS Press, Urabana, IL
De Smet E, Mensink RP, Plat J (2012) Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism: suggested mechanisms from past to present. Mol Nutr Food Res 56:1058–1072
Delisle J, Amiot J, Goulet G, Simard C, Brisson GJ, Jones JD (1984) Nutritive value of protein fractions extracted from soybean, rapeseed, and wheat flours in the rat. Qual Plant Plant Foods Hum Nutr 34:243–251
Dersjant-Li Y, Dusel G (2019) Increasing the dosing of a Buttiauxella phytase improves phytate degradation, mineral, energy, and amino acid digestibility in weaned pigs fed a complex diet based on wheat, corn, soybean meal, barley, and rapeseed meal. J Anim Sci 97(6):2524–2533
FAO (2019) FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Accessed 26 June 2019
FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) Energy and protein requirements. Report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU meeting. WHO, Geneva, Technical report series No. 724
Ferguson JJ, Stojanovski E, MacDonald-Wicks L, Garg ML (2016) Fat type in phytosterol products influence their cholesterol-lowering potential: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Prog Lipid Res 64:16–29
Fernandez ML, West KL (2005) Mechanisms by which dietary fatty acids modulate plasma lipids. J Nutr 135(9):2075–2078
Fleddermann M, Fechner A, Rößler A et al (2013) Nutritional evaluation of rapeseed protein compared to soy protein for quality, plasma amino acids, and nitrogen balance—a randomized crossover intervention study in humans. Clin Nutr 32:519–526
Fumeron F, Bard JM, Lecerf JM (2017) Interindividual variability in the cholesterol-lowering effect of supplementation with plant sterols or stanols. Nutr Rev 75(2):134–145
GAIN (2018) India: oilseeds and products annual. GAIN report number: IN8040. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Oilseeds%20and%20Products%20Annual_New%20Delhi_India_4-13-2018.pdf. Accessed 26 June 2019
Garcia-Palmieri MR, Sorlie P, Tillotson J, Costas R Jr, Cordero E, Rodriguez M (1980) Relationship of dietary intake to subsequent coronary heart disease incidence: the Puerto Rico heart health program. Am J Clin Nutr 33:1818–1827
Garg A (1998) High-monounsaturated-fat diets for patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 67(suppl):577S–582S
Gertz C, Kochhar P (2001) A new method to determine oxidative stability of vegetable fats and oils at simulated frying temperature. Oilseeds Fats Corps Lipids 8:82–85
Ghazani SM, Marangoni AG (2013) Minor components in canola oil and effects of refining on these constituents: a review. J Am Oil Chem Soc 90(7):923–932
Ghodsvali A, Khodaparast MH, Vosoughi M, Diosady LL (2005) Preparation of canola protein materials using membrane technology and evaluation of meals functional properties. Food Res Int 38(2):223–231
Gorissen SH, Crombag JJ, Senden JM, Waterval WH, Bierau J, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJ (2018) Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates. Amino Acids 50(12):1685–1695
Grala W, Verstegen MWA, Van Leeuwen P, Huisman J, Jansman AJM, Tamminga S (1997) Nitrogen balance of pigs as affected by feedstuffs causing different endogenous nitrogen flow at the terminal ileum. Livest Prod Sci 48:143–155
GRAS (2010) Cruciferin-rich canola/rapeseed protein isolate and napin-rich canola/rapeseed protein isolate. http://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20171031043650/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/NoticeInventory/UCM269508.pdf.Accessed 10 Oct 2019
GRAS (2016) The safety and the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status of the proposed uses of canola /rapeseed protein isolate in human food. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/NoticeInventory/ucm542217.pdf. Accessed 10 Oct 2019
Gulesserian T, Widhalm K (2002) Effect of a rapeseed oil substituting diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Nutr 21(2):103–108
Gunstone FD (ed) (2004) Rapeseed and canola oil: production, processing, properties and uses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Gupta RK, Gangoliya SS, Singh NK (2015) Reduction of phytic acid and enhancement of bioavailable micronutrients in food grains. J Food Sci Technol 52(2):676–684
Gylling H, Puska P, Vartiainen E, Miettinen TA (1999) Serum sterols during stanol ester feeding in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. J Lipid Res 40(4):593–600
Hammad S, Pu S, Jones PJ (2016) Current evidence supporting the link between dietary fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Lipids 51(5):507–517
Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rimm E, Colditz GA, Rosner BA et al (1997) Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. New Engl J Med 337:1491–1499
Hughes NE, Marangoni AG, Wright AJ, Rogers MA, Rush JWE (2009) Potential applications of edible oil organogels. Trends Food Sci Tech 20:470–480
Ikeda I, Tanabe Y, Sugano M (1989) Effects of sitosterol and sitostanol on micellar solubility of cholesterol. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 35:361–369
Jang A, Bae W, Hwang HS, Lee HG, Lee S (2015) Evaluation of canola oil oleogels with candelilla wax as an alternative to shortening in baked goods. Food Chem 187:525–529
Khajali F, Slominski BA (2012) Factors that affect the nutritive value of canola meal for poultry. Poult Sci 91:2564–2575
Khattab R, Goldberg E, Lin L, Thiyam U (2010) Quantitative analysis and free-radical-scavenging activity of chlorophyll, phytic acid, and condensed tannins in canola. Food Chem 122(4):1266–1272
Kien CL, Bunn JY, Stevens R, Bain J, Ikayeva O, Crain K, Koves TR, Muoio DM (2014) Dietary intake of palmitate and oleate has broad impact on systemic and tissue lipid profiles in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 99(3):436–445
Konkol D, Szmigiel I, Domżał-Kędzia M, Kułażyński M, Krasowska A, Opaliński S, Korczyński M, Łukaszewicz M (2019) Biotransformation of rapeseed meal leading to production of polymers, biosurfactants, and fodder. Bioorg Chem 93:102,865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.039
Kris-Etherton PM (1999) Monounsaturated fatty acids and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 100(11):1253–1258
Kromhout D, Coulander CDL (1984) Diet, prevalence and 10-year mortality from coronary heart disease in 871 middle-aged men: the Zutphen study. Am J Epidemiol 119:733–741
Kromhout D, Menotti A, Bloemberg B, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R, Dontas AS, Fidanza F, Giampaoli S, Jansen A, Karvonen M, Katan M, Nissinen A, Nedeljkovic S, Pekkanen G, Pekkarinen M, Punsar S, Rasanen L, Simic B, Toshima H (1995) Dietary saturated and trans fatty acids and cholesterol and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: the seven countries study. Prev Med 24:308–315
Kruse M, von Loeffelholz C, Hoffmann D, Pohlmann A, Seltmann AC, Osterhoff M, Hornemann S, Pivovarova O, Rohn S, Jahreis G, Pfeiffer AF (2015) Dietary rapeseed/canola-oil supplementation reduces serum lipids and liver enzymes and alters postprandial inflammatory responses in adipose tissue compared to olive-oil supplementation in obese men. Mol Nutr Food Res 59(3):507–519
Kumar V, Sinha AK, Makkar HP, De Boeck G, Becker K (2012) Phytate and phytase in fish nutrition. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 96(3):335–364
Liang D (2000) Effect of enzyme supplementation on the nutritive value of canola meal for broiler chickens. M.Sc. dissertation, Faculty of graduate studies, University of Manitoba. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0012/MQ53178.pdf. 21 May 2014
Lim J, Hwang HS, Lee S (2017) Oil-structuring characterization of natural waxes in canola oil oleogels: rheological, thermal, and oxidative properties. Appl Biol Chem 60(1):17–22
Lopez-Segura F, Velasco F, Lopez-Miranda J, Castro P, Lopez-Pedrera R, Blanco A, Jimenez-Pereperez J, Torres A, Trujillo J, Ordovas JM, Perez-Jimenez F (1996) Monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched diet decreases plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16:82–88
Malgorzata NK, Aleksander S (2010) Changes of phenolic content in rapeseed during preliminary drying. J Oilseed Brassica 1(1):33–38
Mansour EH, Dworschak E, Huszka T, Hovari J, Gergely A (1996) Utilization of pumpkin seed and rapeseed proteins in the preparation of bologna type sausages. Acta Aliment 25(1):25–36
Mansour EH, Dworschak E, Pollhamer ZS, Gergely A, Hovari J (1999) Pumpkin and canola seed proteins and bread quality. Acta Aliment 28(1):59–70
Matthaus B, Özcan MM, Al JF (2016) Some rape/canola seed oils: fatty acid composition and tocopherols. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci 71(3–4):73–77
McDonald BE, Gerrard JM, Bruce VM, Corner EJ (1989) Comparison of the effect of canola oil and sunflower oil on plasma lipids and lipoproteins and on in vivo thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin production in healthy young men. Am J Clin Nutr 50:1382–1388
McGee DL, Reed DM, Yano K, Kagan A, Tillotson J (1984) Ten-year incidence of coronary heart disease in the Honolulu heart program. Am J Epidemiol 119:667–676
McNamara DJ (1992) Dietary fatty acids, lipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease. Adv Food Nutr Res 36:253–351
Mennella I, Savarese M, Ferracane R, Sacchi R, Vitaglione P (2015) Oleic acid content of a meal promotes oleoylethanolamide response and reduces subsequent energy intake in humans. Food Funct 6(1):204–210
Mert B, Demirkesen I (2016) Reducing saturated fat with oleogel/shortening blends in a baked product. Food Chem 199:809–816
Montalto MB, Bensadoun A (1993) Lipoprotein lipase synthesis and secretion: effects of concentration and type of fatty acids in adipocyte cell culture. J Lipid Res 34:397–407
Mozaffarian D, Clarke R (2009) Quantitative effects on cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease risk of replacing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils with other fats and oils. Eur J Clin Nutr 63(S2):S22
Naczk M, Amarowicz R, Pink D, Shahidi F (2000) Insoluble condensed tannins of canola/rapeseed. J Agric Food Chem 48(5):1758–1762
National Research Council (1994) Nutrient requirements of poultry, 9th edn. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/2114
Neish AC (1960) Biosynthetic pathways of aromatic compounds. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 11(1):55–80
Ohlson R, Anjou K (1979) Rapeseed protein products. J Am Oil Chem Soc 56(3Part3):431–437
Orsavova J, Misurcova L, Ambrozova J, Vicha R, Mlcek J (2015) Fatty acids composition of vegetable oils and its contribution to dietary energy intake and dependence of cardiovascular mortality on dietary intake of fatty acids. Int J Mol Sci 16(6):12871–12890
Paredes-Lopez O, Ordorica-Falomir C (1986) Production of safflower protein isolates: composition, yield and protein quality. J Sci Food Agric 37(11):1097–1103
Pehlivanoğlu H, Demirci M, Toker OS, Konar N, Karasu S, Sagdic O (2018) Oleogels, a promising structured oil for decreasing saturated fatty acid concentrations: production and food-based applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 58(8):1330–1341
Pinterits A, Arntfield SD (2008) Improvement of canola protein gelation properties through enzymatic modification with transglutaminase. LWT Food Sci Technol 41(1):128–138
Pu S, Rodríguez-Pérez C, Ramprasath V, Segura-Carretero A (2015) Dietary high oleic canola oil supplemented with DHA oil attenuates plasma PCSK9 levels in humans. FASEB 29(1 Suppl):743.12S
Qian F, Korat AA, Malik V, Hu FB (2016) Metabolic effects of monounsaturated fatty acid–enriched diets compared with carbohydrate or polyunsaturated fatty acid–enriched diets in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 39(8):1448–1457
Rekas A, Wroniak M, Szterk A (2016) Characterization of some quality properties and chemical composition of cold-pressed oils obtained from different rapeseed varieties cultivated in Poland. Polish J Nat Sci 31(2):249–261
Robinson RG (1975) Amino acid and elemental composition of sunflower and pumpkin seeds 1. Agron J 67(4):541–544
Rogers MA, Wrightb AJ, Marangoni AG (2009) Oil organogels: the fat of the future? Soft Matter 5(8):1594–1596. https://doi.org/10.1039/B822008P
Rudel LL, Kelley K, Sawyer JK, Shah R, Wilson MD (1998) Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids promote aortic atherosclerosis in LDL receptor–null, human apoB100–overexpressing transgenic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18(11):1818–1827
Rudkowska I, Roynette CE, Nakhasi DK, Jones PJ (2006) Phytosterols mixed with medium-chain triglycerides and high-oleic canola oil decrease plasma lipids in overweight men. Metabolism 55(3):391–395
Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Morgado N, Prada JL, Perez-Jimenez F, Mutiana FJG (1998) Composition of human VLDL triacylglycerols after ingestion of olive oil and high oleic sunflower oil. J Nutr 128:570–576
Sanders TA (2009) Fat and fatty acid intake and metabolic effects in the human body. Ann Nutr Metab 55(1–3):162–172
Schoonjans K, Staels B, Auwerx J (1996) Role of the peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor (PPAR) in mediating the effects of fibrates and fatty acids on gene expression. J Lipid Res 37:907–925
Shahidi F (ed) (1990) Canola and rapeseed: production, chemistry, nutrition, and processing technology. Springer Science & Business Media, Boston, MA, pp 80–85
Shahidi F (2002) Phytochemicals in oilseeds. In: Meskin MS, Bidlack WR, Davies AJ, Omaye ST (eds) Phytochemicals in nutrition and health. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 155–172
Shi W, Dumont MJ, Ly EB (2014) Synthesis and properties of canola protein-based superabsorbent hydrogels. Eur Polym J 54:172–180
Siddiqui IR, Wood PJ (1972) Structural investigation of water-soluble rapeseed (B. campestris) polysaccharides. Part n. an acidic arabinogalactan. Carbohydr Res 24:1–9
Siddiqui IR, Wood PJ (1974) Structural investigation of oxalate-soluble rapeseed (B. campestris) polysaccharides. Part m. an arabinan. Carbohydr Res 36:35–44
Siddiqui IR, Wood PJ (1977) Carbohydrates of rapeseed: a review. J Sci Food Agric 28(6):530–538
Siger A, Kaczmarek A, Rudzińska M (2015) Antioxidant activity and phytochemical content of cold-pressed rapeseed oil obtained from roasted seeds. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 117(8):1225–1237
Sirtori CR, Tremoli E, Gatti E, Montanari G, Sirtori M, Colli S, Gianfranceschi G, Maderna P, Dentone CZ, Testolin G, Galli C (1986) Controlled evaluation of fat intake in the Mediterranean diet: comparative activities of olive oil and corn oil on plasma lipids and platelets in high-risk patients. Am J Clin Nutr 44:635–642
Sosulski FW, Sarwar G (1973) Amino acid composition of oilseed meals and protein isolates. Can Inst Food Sci Technol J 6(1):1–5
Statista (2019) Consumption of vegetable oils worldwide from 2013/14 to 2018/2019, by oil type (in million metric tons). https://www.statista.com/statistics/263937/vegetable-oils-global-consumption/. Accessed 26 June 2019
Summers JD, Leeson S (1985) Mineral profile of canola and soybean meal. Can J Anim Sci 65(4):913–919
Tanwar B, Modgil R, Goyal A (2018) Antinutritional factors and hypocholesterolemic effect of wild apricot kernel (Prunus armeniaca L.) as affected by detoxification. Food Funct 9(4):2121–2135
Tanwar B, Modgil R, Goyal A (2019) Effect of detoxification on biological quality of wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) kernel. J Sci Food Agric 99(2):517–528
Thompson LU (1990) Phytates in canola/rapeseed. In: Shahidi F (ed) Canola and rapeseed. Springer, Boston, MA, pp 173–192
Thompson LU, Liu RF, Jones JD (1982) Functional properties and food applications of rapeseed protein concentrate. J Food Sci 47(4):1175–1180
Venturini D, Simão AN, Urbano MR, Dichi I (2015) Effects of extra virgin olive oil and fish oil on lipid profile and oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome. Nutrition 31(6):834–840
Von Der Haar D, Müller K, Bader-Mittermaier S, Eisner P (2014) Rapeseed proteins–production methods and possible application ranges. OCL 21(1):D104
Wanasundara JP, McIntosh TC, Perera SP, Withana-Gamage TS, Mitra P (2016) Canola/rapeseed protein-functionality and nutrition. OCL 23(4):D407
Wickramasuriya SS, Yi YJ, Yoo J, Kang NK, Heo JM (2015) A review of canola meal as an alternative feed ingredient for ducks. J Anim Sci Technol 57(1):29
Wu J, Muir AD (2008) Comparative structural, emulsifying, and biological properties of 2 major canola proteins, cruciferin and napin. J Food Sci 73(3):C210–C216
Yoshie-Stark Y, Wada Y, Schott M, Wäsche A (2006) Functional and bioactive properties of rapeseed protein concentrates and sensory analysis of food application with rapeseed protein concentrates. LWT Food Sci Technol 39(5):503–512
Zetzl AK, Marangoni AG, Barbut S (2012) Mechanical properties of ethylcellulose oleogels and their potential for saturated fat reduction in frankfurters. Food Funct 3(3):327–337
Zulim Botega DC, Marangoni AG, Smith AK, Goff HD (2013) Development of formulations and processes to incorporate wax oleogels in ice cream. J Food Sci 78(12):C1845. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12248
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Goyal, A., Tanwar, B., Sihag, M.K., Kumar, V., Sharma, V., Soni, S. (2021). Rapeseed/Canola (Brassica napus) Seed. In: Tanwar, B., Goyal, A. (eds) Oilseeds: Health Attributes and Food Applications. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4194-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4194-0_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-4193-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-4194-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)