Abstract
Cell wall integrity is very important for the survival of the bacterial cell. The cross-linked peptidoglycan mesh that is unique to the bacterial cell forms a vital protective layer for the cell. During bacterial cell growth and division, extensive remodeling of the cell wall occurs. Synthesis and recycling of the cell wall peptidoglycan component are important processes to maintain the integrity of the cell wall. Recycling is a critical process that helps the cell in re-utilizing many key components and thereby helps in conserving resources. Many antibiotics selectively target cell wall synthesis and specifically the recycling process. During recycling, the peptidoglycan is split at several stages in the periplasm, inner membrane, and cytoplasm. There are various enzymes involved in recycling at each of these levels. These enzymes have a key role in mediating resistance to various antibiotics. The Amp system is closely associated with this recycling pathway and is an important mediator of antibiotic resistance via AmpR which not only regulates the expression of the AmpC beta-lactamases but is also involved in the regulation of fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside resistances. Documented evidence has shown that inhibition of such recycling processes can revert the intrinsic resistance of fosfomycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Knowledge of these recycling mechanisms would be vital as they can be used as potential targets to develop agents to combat the emerging superbugs. This chapter briefly describes the enzymes involved in cell wall recycling and their role in antimicrobial resistance and primarily focuses on the potential chemicals that can inhibit this recycling thereby reducing and/or reversing antimicrobial resistance.
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Raghavan, R., Mandal, J. (2020). Use of Bacterial Cell Wall Recycle Inhibitors to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance. In: Thomas, S. (eds) Antimicrobial Resistance. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3658-8_9
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