Abstract
The extensive application of nanoparticle (NP) synthesis and expansion in recent advances in biological and material science have been of considerable scientific interest from the last century as they possess properties to measure and influence the physical substance from an atomic and molecular point of view compared with bulk materials. NPs are usually coated with metal ions, chemical surfactants, polymers, and smaller molecules. Due to these properties nanoparticles tend to get the toxic value that is largely estimated triggering both the environmental and human health risks. The number size distribution of nanoparticles of 1–100 nm is the main cause of these substances affecting the environment and health system where the passage into the ecological food chains via microorganisms has been easy, disturbing the biological balance. Hence, it is vital to evaluate the toxicity of NPs associated with microorganisms beforehand. Though the eukaryotic model was renowned, in recent developments, the use of prokaryotic models especially bacteria is considered the most convenient, rapid, and cost effective. Evaluating the toxicity of NPs using microorganisms gives an insight into the toxic impacts of NPs. Bacterial species such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., and mainly magnetotactic bacteria intracellularly can synthesize the tiny crystals referred to as nanocrystals. The mechanism associated with the toxicity of NPs is mainly the oxidative stress and generation of reactive oxygen species that results in membrane disorganization, impair reproduction, and growth inhibition. This chapter in detail will give out the different approaches to evaluate the toxicity of NPs and also the use of different prokaryotic models that produce eco-friendly nanoparticles that are of greater importance in the biological system.
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Sanapala, P., Pola, S. (2020). Toxicological Evaluation of Nanoparticles Using Prokaryotic Model Organisms. In: Siddhardha, B., Dyavaiah, M., Kasinathan, K. (eds) Model Organisms to Study Biological Activities and Toxicity of Nanoparticles. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1702-0_14
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