Abstract
This chapter examines the feasibility for privacy seals in emerging technologies focusing upon cyber-physical systems, also known as the Internet of Things (IoT). This focus provides an opportunity to compare technologies where privacy seals have purchase against those that do not, further refining the model of an effective privacy seal. It examines the privacy and data protection issues surrounding smart homes, smart cars, wearables and drones, and evaluates the potential for deploying privacy and data protection seals in these contexts by deploying design fictions. From these thought experiments, it becomes apparent that in addition to the general requirements of a privacy seal, there also needs to be strong alignment between the technology, (including its physical design, logical design, and level of generativity) and its social context of use. By its interconnected nature, IoT fundamentally disrupts our expectations around objects (things) and information flows. Seals might act as part of the mechanisms of re-transcribing such expectations. Designing a workable seal therefore means understanding information norms, and expectations, but also desired states of information flow in particular contexts.
David Barnard-Wills is a Senior Research Analyst at Trilateral Research Ltd. David.barnard-wills@trilateralresearch.com. Trilateral Research Ltd. Crown House, 72 Hammersmith Road, London, W14 8TH.
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Notes
- 1.
Nissenbaum 2010.
- 2.
Solove 2008.
- 3.
Dunne and Raby 2013, p. 3.
- 4.
- 5.
Rodrigues et al. 2016.
- 6.
Bennett 2008, p. 14.
- 7.
Barnard-Wills and Ashenden 2015, p. 144.
- 8.
Rodrigues et al. 2013b.
- 9.
Rodrigues et al. 2014.
- 10.
Rodrigues et al. 2016.
- 11.
Chapter 6 of this volume.
- 12.
- 13.
Particularly relevant given ongoing discussions around the failure of the Safe Harbour transfer agreement between the US and the EU.
- 14.
CNIL 2012, p. 50.
- 15.
Pasquale 2015.
- 16.
Grigg 2008.
- 17.
European Parliament and Council 2016.
- 18.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
- 19.
OECD 2013.
- 20.
Federal Trade Commission 2007.
- 21.
Morozov 2013.
- 22.
Zittrain 2006.
- 23.
See http://www.eurorec.org/services/seal/index.cfm. Accessed 9 March 2016.
- 24.
TRUSTe, “TRUSTed Smart Grid Privacy Certification”. https://www.truste.com/business-products/trusted-smart-grid/. Accessed 9 March 2016.
- 25.
See http://www.fairdata.org.uk/. Accessed 9 March 2016.
- 26.
Nissenbaum 2010.
- 27.
De Hert et al. 2014.
- 28.
- 29.
IEEE 2015.
- 30.
IEEE 2015, p. iv.
- 31.
Levy 2015.
- 32.
Dunne and Raby 2013.
- 33.
Edwards 2016.
- 34.
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party 2014.
- 35.
Barnard-Wills et al. 2014.
- 36.
Barnard-Wills et al. 2014, p. 55.
- 37.
Doctorow 2012.
- 38.
Mercedes Benz 2016.
- 39.
Rouf et al. 2010.
- 40.
Forrest 2016.
- 41.
Forrest 2016.
- 42.
Tranchard 2013.
- 43.
Gasiorowski-Denis 2014.
- 44.
European Parliament and the Council 2009.
- 45.
Wolf et al. 2015.
- 46.
Alton 2015.
- 47.
Genaro Motti and Caine 2015.
- 48.
Maddox 2015.
- 49.
Wolf et al. 2015.
- 50.
Krombholz et al. 2015.
- 51.
Alton 2015.
- 52.
Hamblen 2015.
- 53.
European RPAS Steering Group 2013, p. 5.
- 54.
Clarke 2014a, pp. 230–246.
- 55.
Clarke 2014b, pp. 247–262.
- 56.
Finn et al. 2014.
- 57.
Ibid., p. 14.
- 58.
Fossool 2008, pp. 149–50.
- 59.
Finn et al. 2014.
- 60.
Finn et al. 2014.
- 61.
Stanley and Crump 2011, p. 12.
- 62.
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party 2015, p. 7.
- 63.
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party 2015, p. 8.
- 64.
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party 2015, p. 10.
- 65.
Stanley and Crump 2011, December 2011.
- 66.
European Data Protection Supervisor 2014.
- 67.
Pauner and Viguri 2015.
- 68.
See for example https://ico.org.uk/for-the-public/drones and http://www.dataprotection.ie/docs/guidance-on-the-use-of-drone-aircraft/1510.htm. Accessed 3 March 2017.
- 69.
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party 2015, p. 18.
- 70.
- 71.
Easterling 2014.
- 72.
Cope 2016.
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Barnard-Wills, D. (2018). The Potential for Privacy Seals in Emerging Technologies. In: Rodrigues, R., Papakonstantinou, V. (eds) Privacy and Data Protection Seals. Information Technology and Law Series, vol 28. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-228-6_7
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