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Mechanisms of Superoxide Generation and Signaling in Cytochrome bc Complexes

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Cytochrome Complexes: Evolution, Structures, Energy Transduction, and Signaling

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 41))

Summary

The mechanisms of action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant and animal cells, in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and other sub-cellular compartments such as the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus, which result in deleterious effects as well as intra-organelle and metabolically significant signaling reactions, are discussed, as well as physiological effects induced by the signaling functions of ROS. The role of ROS in chloroplast retrograde signaling and modulation of abiotic stress response and pathogen defense is discussed. Attention is focused on mechanisms of ROS production, and particularly on the intra-organelle reactions mediated through reduction of oxygen to superoxide in the mitochondrial cytochrome bc 1 and the chloroplast b 6 f complexes, for which understanding of the mechanistic details is facilitated by the existence of high resolution crystal structures. Attention is directed to the structure-based details that underlie the more than tenfold larger specific rate of superoxide production in the b 6 f complex compared to that of the mitochondrial bc 1 complex. Because plastoquinol oxidation by the cytochrome b 6 f complex is known to initiate chloroplast state transitions, the effect of superoxide on the intra-membrane chlorophyll protein kinase that is integral to the cytochrome b 6 f complex, and which underlies the photosynthetic state transitions that regulate the distribution of light energy between the two photosystems, is considered.

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Abbreviations

b p, b n :

b-type hemes on electrochemically positive, negative sides of membrane

cyt:

Cytochrome

DBMIB:

2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone

Em :

midpoint oxidation-reduction potential

ET:

Electron transport

Fe-S:

Iron-sulfur center

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

HPV:

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

ISP:

Rieske iron-sulfur protein

LHC:

Light harvesting complex

NQNO:

2-n-nonyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide

n-, p-side:

Electrochemically negative-, positive side of membrane

1O2 :

Singlet oxygen

\( {{\mathrm{O}}_2}^{\fontsize{3}{5}\selectfont{\underline {\kern0.24em \bullet \kern0.24em }}} \) :

Superoxide

PC:

Plastocyanin

PEWY:

Proline-glutamate-tryptophan-tyrosine

PQ:

Plastoquinone

PQH2 :

Plastoquinol

PQH:

Plastosemiquinone

\( \mathrm{P}{\mathrm{Q}}^{\fontsize{3}{5}\selectfont{\underline {\kern0.24em \bullet \kern0.24em }}} \) :

Anionic plastosemiquinone

PSI, II:

Photosystem I, II

Qp, Qn :

Quinone binding site on p-, n-side of membrane

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TDS:

Tridecyl-stigmatellin

UQ:

Ubiquinone

UQH2 :

Ubiquinol

\( \mathrm{U}{{\mathrm{Q}}_2}^{\fontsize{3}{5}\selectfont{\underline {\kern0.24em \bullet \kern0.24em }}} \) :

Anionic ubisemiquinone

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kaunas str. 30, Babtai, Kaunas, 54333, Lithuania

    Danas Baniulis & Inga Miliute

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Hockmeyer Building of Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA

    S. Saif Hasan & William A. Cramer

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  1. Danas Baniulis
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  2. S. Saif Hasan
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  3. Inga Miliute
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  4. William A. Cramer
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Correspondence to William A. Cramer .

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA

    William A. Cramer

  2. Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA

    Toivo Kallas

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Baniulis, D., Saif Hasan, S., Miliute, I., Cramer, W.A. (2016). Mechanisms of Superoxide Generation and Signaling in Cytochrome bc Complexes. In: Cramer, W., Kallas, T. (eds) Cytochrome Complexes: Evolution, Structures, Energy Transduction, and Signaling. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 41. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7481-9_20

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