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Solar Ponds

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Advances in Solar Energy Technology

Abstract

The flat plate collector technology for the utilization of solar energy is a proven one and the de elopment efforts are primarily aimed at making them less expensive and more efficient. Other technologies like ‘Solar Ponds’ are inherently low cost, but further development is needed to make them work better with less maintenance. The term solar pond is commonly used to describe a number of different concepts, all of which involve the use of water as both a direct absorber of solar radiation and as a storage medium for the collected thermal energy. Most commonly, the concept referred to is a salt gradient pond in which a portion of the pond’s depth is stabilized against motion by dissolved salt with more salt towards the bottom than the top. Phis salt gradient counteracts the thermal density gradient caused by solar radiation absorbed at the pond’s bottom and prevents fluid motion within the gradient layer. This layer serves as both insulation and storage, and permits the lower layer of the pond, which does convect, to reach temperatures close to the boiling point, while the surface convective layer is near ambient temperature. Such a situation indeed occurs in nature in a few salt lakes (e.g. Madve Lagoon in Transylvania, Hungary). In such natural lakes, typical temperatures of around 70°C have been observed. Artificial salt gradient stabilized ponds, operating on the same principle as natural salt lake, have been developed in Israel, U.S.A., Australia, India, etc. These are known as Salt Gradient Solar Ponds or non-convective solar ponds or solar ponds. Ponds typically range in depth from one to three meters. Energy is extracted from the pond’s bottom layer by an in-pond heat exchanger, i.e. by cycling external water through a heat exchanger immersed in the lower layer of the pond. or by pim** the hot brine through an external heat exchanger. There are several possible applications for solar ponds, including power generation, space heating, greenhouse heating, process heat for industries space cooling, desalination, agricultural crop drying, and production of renewable liquid fuels such as ethanol for gasohol. In order to realise the full potential of ponds for these and other applications, our knowledge of how a pond operates must be expanded so that reliable ponds with predictable performance and minimal maintenance can be constructed and put into operation.

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  1. Centre of Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India

    H. P. Garg (Professor of Solar Energy)

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Garg, H.P. (1987). Solar Ponds. In: Advances in Solar Energy Technology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0659-9_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0659-9_3

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