SpringerLink
Log in

Aromatic compounds

  • Chapter
Handbook on Biodegradation and Biological Treatment of Hazardous Organic Compounds

Part of the book series: Environment & Chemistry ((ENVC,volume 2))

  • 345 Accesses

Abstract

Benzene is a stable and highly flammable, colorless liquid with a characteristic aromatic odor. It is produced in large quantities (14.8 million tonnes per year) by the chemical industry. Benzene is also a naturally occurring chemical found in crude petroleum at levels of up to 4g/l.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
EUR 29.95
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
EUR 245.03
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
EUR 320.99
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
EUR 320.99
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Acton, D.W., and J.F. Barker. 1992. In situ biodegradation potential of aromatic hydrocarbons in anaerobic groundwaters. J. Contam. Hydrol. 9:325–352.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aftring, R.P., and B.F. Taylor. 1981. Aerobic and anaerobic catabolism of phthalic acid by a nitrate respiring bacterium. Arch. Microbiol. 130:101–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmadvand, H., G. Germann, J.P. Gandee, and V.T. Buehler. 1995. Utilizing the fluidized bed to initiate water treatment on site. In: Biological unit processes for hazardous waste treatment (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, G.D. Sayles, R.S. Skeen). Book 3(9) of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium (San Diego, USA). Battelle Press, Columbus, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altenschmidt, U., and G. Fuchs. 1991. Anaerobic degradation of toluene in denitrifying Pseudomonas sp.: Indication for toluene methylhydroxylation and benzoyl-CoA as central intermediate. Arch. Microbiol. 156:152–158.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, P.J.J., and T.M. Vogel. 1991. Substrate interactions of benzene, toluene, and paraxylene during microbial degradation by pure cultures and mixed culture aquifer slurries. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:2981–2985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anid, P.J., P.J.J. Alvarez, and T.M. Vogel. 1993. Biodegradation of monoaromatic hydrocarbons in aquifer columns amended with hydrogen peroxide and nitrate. Water Res. 27:685–691.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anselmo, A.M., and J.M. Novais. 1984. Isolation and selection of phenol-degrading microorganisms from an industrial effluent. Biotech. Lett. 6:601–606.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anselmo, A.M., M. Mateus, J.M.S. Cabral, and J.M. Novais. 1985. Degradation of phenol by immobilized cells of Fusarium flocciferum. Biotech. Lett. 7:889–894.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arcangeli, J.-P., and E. Arvin. 1994. Biodegradation of BTEX compounds in a biofilm system under nitrate-reducing conditions. In: Hydrocarbon bioremediation (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, B.C. Alleman, R. E. Hoeppel, and R. N. Miller). CRC Press, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arcangeli, J.-P., and E. Arvin. 1995a. Cometabolic transformation of o-xylene in a biofilm system under nitrate reducing conditions. Biodegradation 6:19–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arcangeli, J.-P., and E. Arvin. 1995b. Modelling of cometabolic transformation of ortho-xylene in a denitrifying biofilm system. Biodegradation 6:29–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assinder, S.J., and P.A. Williams. 1990. The TOL plasmids: Determinants of the catabolism of toluene and the xylenes. Adv. Microbial Physiology 31:1–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachhausen, P. 1990. Experiences with microbiological on-site decontamination of soil and building debris contaminated with solvents. In: Contaminated Soil 90, 3rd Int. KfK/TNO Conf., volume 2 (Edited by F. Arendt, M. Hinsenveld, and W. J. Van den Brink). Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baggi, G., M.M. Boga, D. Catelani, E. Galli, and V. Treccani. 1983. Styrene catabolism by a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. System. Appl. Microbiol. 4:141–147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baird, R., L. Carmona, and R.L. Jenkins. 1977. Behavior of benzidine and other aromatic amines in aerobic wastewater treatment. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 50:1609–1615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, G. 1977a. Anaerobe afbraak van aromatische verbindingen. Chemisch Weekblad, July 1977

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, G. 1977b. Anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds in the presence of nitrate. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1:103–108.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, H. A., H. A. Johnson, M. Reinhard, and A. M. Spormann. 1996. Anaerobic ethylbenzene oxidation in denitrifying strain EB1. In: Proceedings of the UIB-GBF-CSIC-TUB symposium: Biodegradation of organic pollutants. Palma de Mallorca, 29 June-3 July, Mallorca, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbieri, P., L. Palladino, P. Di Gennaro, and E. Galli. 1993. Alternative pathways for o-xylene or m-xylene and p-xylene degradation in a Pseudomonas stutzeri strain. Biodegradation 4:71–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Battermann, G., and P. Werner. 1984. Beseitigung einer Untergrundkontamination mit Kohlen-wasserstoffen durch mikrobiellen Abbau. GWF-Wasser/Abwasser 125:366–373.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauerle U., K. Fischer, und D. Bardtke. 1986. Biologische Abluftreinigung mit Hilfe eines neuartigen Permeationsreaktors. Staub Reinhaltung der Luft 46:233–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baughman, G.L., D.F. Paris, and W.C. Steen. 1980. Quantitative expression of biotransformation. In: Biotransformation and fate of chemicals in the environment (Edited by A.W. Maki, K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns). Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology (USA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayly, R. C., and M. G. Barbour. 1984. The degradation of aromatic compounds by the meta and gentisate pathways. In: Microbial degradation of organic compounds (Edited by D.T. Gibson). Dekker inc., New York, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belcher, D. M., A. Vira, M. A. Dooley, and J.C. Johnson. 1995. Groundwater treatment in a field pilot methanotrophic rotating biological contactor. In: Biological unit processes for hazardous waste treatment (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, G.D. Sayles, R.S. Skeen). Book 3(9) of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium (San Diego, USA). Battelle Press, Columbus, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beller, H.R., D. Grbić-Galić, and M. Reinhard. 1992a. Microbial degradation of toluene under sulfate-reducing conditions and the influence of iron on the process. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:786–793.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beller, H.R., M. Reinhard, and D. Grbić-Galić. 1992b. Metabolic by-products of anaerobic toluene degradation sulfate-reducing enrichment cultures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:3192–3195.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beller, H.R., A.M. Spormann, P.K. Sharma, J.R. Cole, and M. Reinhard. 1996. Isolation and characterization of a novel toluene-degrading, sulfate-reducing bacterium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1188–1196.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benazon, N., D.W. Belanger, D. B. Scheurlen, and M.J. Lesky. 1995. Bioremediation of ethylbenzene- and styrene-contaminated soil using biopiles. In: Biological unit processes for hazardous waste treatment (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, G.D. Sayles, R.S. Skeen). Book 3(9) of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium (San Diego, USA). Battelle Press, Columbus, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, D.F., A.J. Francis, and J.-M. Bollag. 1987. Microbial metabolism of homocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic compounds under anaerobic conditions. Microbiol Rev 51 43–59

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bestetti, G., E. Galli, M. Ruzzi, G. Baldacci, E. Zermaro, and L. Frontali. 1984. Molecular characterization of a plasmid from Pseudomonas fluorescens involved in styrene degradation. Plasmid 12:181–188.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bestetti, G., E. Galli, C. Benigni, F. Orsini, and F. Pelizzoni. 1989. Biotransformation of styrenes by a Pseudomonas putida. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30:252–256.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bevinakatti, B. G., and H. Z. Ninnekar. 1992. Degradation of biphenyl by a Micrococcus species. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38:273–275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bieszkiewicz, E., and A. Pieniadz-Urbaniak. 1984. Effect of benzene and xylene on the work of activated sludge. Acta Microbiologica Polonica 33:271–276.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bollag, J.-M. 1972. Biochemical transformation of pesticides by soil fungi. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2:35–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouwer, E.J., and P.L. McCarty. 1983. Transformations of halogenated organic compounds under denitrification conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:1295–1299.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouwer, E.J. 1985. Secondary utilization of trace halogenated organic compounds in biofilms. Environ. Progr. 4:43–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouwer, E.J., and P.L. McCarty. 1985. Utilization rates of trace halogenated organic compounds in acetate-grown biofilms. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 27:1564–1571.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun-Lüllemann, A., A. Majcherczyk, N. Tebbe, and A. Hüttermann. 1992. Bioluftfilter auf der Basis von Weißfäulepilzen. In: Biotechniques for air pollution abatement and odor control policies (Edited by A.J. Dragt and J. van Ham). Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun-Lüllemann, A., C. Johannes, A. Majcherczyk, and A. Hüttermann. 1995. The use of whiterot fungi as active biofilters. In: Biological unit processes for hazardous waste treatment (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, G.D. Sayles, and R.S. Skeen). Book 3(9) of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium (San Diego, USA). Battelle Press, Columbus, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, V., J.J. Arensdorf, and D.D. Focht. 1994. Genetic construction of PCB degraders. Biodegradation 5:359–377.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. W., A.J. Friedman, D.G. Burrows, G.R. Snyder, and B.G. Patten. 1979. Investigation of petroleum in the marine environment of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and northern Puget Sound. EPA 600/7–79–164. US EPA, Washington DC, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burback, B.L., and J.J. Perry. 1993. Biodegradation and biotransformation of groundwater pollutant mixtures by Mycobacterium vaccae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1025–1029.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, M.E., and J.M. Suflita. 1995. Anaerobic and microaerophilic biodegradation of benzene in aquifer sediments. In: Poster abstracts of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium, Group I(d), E9 (San Diego, California, USA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, I.P. May, C.F. Fowler, J. Randall Freed, P. Jennings, R.L. Durfee, F.C. Whitmore, B. Maestri, W.R. Mabey, B.R. Holt, and C. Gould. 1979. Water-related fate of 129 priority pollutants. EPA-44014–79–029a,b, NTIS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catelani, D., C. Sorlini, and V. Treccani. 1971. The metabolism of biphenyl by Pseudomonas putida. Experientia 27:1173–1174.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catelani, D., A. Colombi, C. Sorlini, and V. Treccani. 1973. Metabolism of biphenyl. 2Hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate: The meta-cleavage product from 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl by Pseudomonas putida. Biochem. J. 134:1063–1066.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerniglia, C.E., J.P. Freeman, W. Franklin, and L.D. Pack. 1982. Metabolism of benzidine and benzidine-congener based dyes by human, monkey and rat intestinal bacteria. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 107:1224–1229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapsal, J.M., M.M. Bourbigot and D. Thomas. 1986. Oxidation of aromatic compounds by haemoglobin. Water Res. 20:709–713.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhuri, B.K., and U. Wiesmann. 1995. Enhanced anaerobic degradation of benzene by enrichment of mixed microbial culture and optimization of the culture medium. Appl. Microbiol. B iotechnol. 43:178–187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chee-Sanford, J.C., J.W. Frost, M.R. Fries, J. Zhou, and J.M. Tiedje. 1996. Evidence for acetyl coenzyme A and cinnamoyl coenzyme A in the anaerobic toluene mineralization pathway in Azoarcus tolulyticus Tol-4. Apol. Environ. Microbiol. 62:964–073.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, Y.-B., J.-Y. Lee, and H.-S. Kim. 1992. A novel bioreactor for the biodegradation of inhibitory aromatic solvents: Experimental results and mathematical analysis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 40:1403–1411.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colby, J., D.I. Stirling, and H. Dalton. 1977. The soluble methane mono-oxygenase of Methylococcus capsullatus (Bath). Biochem. J. 165:395–402.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coschigang, P.W., M.M. Häggblom, and L.Y. Young. 1994. Metabolism of both 4chlorobenzoate and toluene under denitrifying conditions by a constructed bacterial strain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:989–995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, H. H. J., J. H. M. Houtman, H.J. Doddema, and W. Harder. 1993. Growth of the black yeast Exophiala jeanselmei on styrene and styrene-related compounds. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 39: 372–376.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, H. H. J., B. W. Faber, W. N. M. van Heiningen, H. Radhoe, H.J. Doddema, and W. Harder. 1996. Styrene metabolism in Exophiala jeanselmei and involvement of a cytochrome P-450–dependent styrene monooxygenase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1471–1474.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cripps, R.E., P.W. Trudgill, and J.G. Whately. 1978. The metabolism of 1-phenylethanol and acetophenone by Nocardia T5 and an Arthrobacter species. Eur. J. Biochem. 86:175–186.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cruden, D.L., J.H. Wolfram, R.D. Rogers, and D.T. Gibson. 1992. Physiological properties of a Pseudomonas strain which grows with p-xylene in a two-phase (organic-aqueous) medium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:2723–2729.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dabrock, B., J. Riedel, J. Bertram, and G. Gottschalk. 1992. Isopropylbenzene (cumene) — a new substrate for the isolation of trichloroethene-degrading bacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 158:9–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R.S., F.E. Hosseler, and R.W. Stone. 1968. Metabolism of p- and m-xylene by species of Pseudomonas. Can. J. Microbiol. 14:1005–1009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, B.J. 1978. Genetic toxicology of benzene, toluene, xylenes and phenols. Mut. Res. 47: 75–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delfino, J.J., and C.J. Miles. 1985. Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of organic contaminants in Florida groundwater. Proceedings Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida 44:9–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duetz, W.A., C. de Jong, P.A. Williams, and J.G. van Andel. 1994. Competition in chemostat culture between Pseudomonas strains that use different pathways for the degradation of toluene. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2858–2863.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, R.W., and K.N. Timmis. 1986. Characterization of a plasmid-specified pathway for catabolism of isopropylbenzene in Pseudomonas putida RE204. J. Bacteriol. 168:123–131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ecetoc. 1985. An assessment of the occurrence and effects of dialkyl ortho-phthalates in the environment. Technical Report No. 19, European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre, Brussels (Belgium).

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, E.A., L.E. Wills, M. Reinhard, and D. Grbić-Galić. 1992. Anaerobic degradation of toluene and xylene by aquifer microorganisms under sulfate-reducing conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:794–800.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, E.A., and D. Grbić-Galić. 1992. Complete mineralization of benzene by aquifer microorganisms under strictly anaerobic conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:2663–2666.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, E.A., and D. Grbić-Galić. 1994. Anaerobic degradation of toluene and o-xylene by a methanogenic consortium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:313–322.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, G., P.R. Wallnofer, and O. Hutzinger. 1975. The microbial metabolism of di-n-butyl phthalate and related dialkyl phthalates. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13:342–347.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, G., G. Tillmans, P.R. Wallnofer, and O. Hutzinger. 1977. Biodegradation of di-isobutyl phthalate and related dialkyl phthalates by Penicillium lilacinum. Chemosphere 6:347–354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ensley, B.D. 1991. Biochemical diversity of trichloroethylene metabolism. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 45:283–299.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrhard, H. M., and H.J. Rehm. 1985. Phenol degradation by microorganisms adsorbed on activated carbon. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21:32–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, P.J., D.T. Mang, and L.Y. Young. 1991a. Degradation of toluene and m-xylene and transformation of o-xylene by denitrifying enrichment cultures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:450–454.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, P.J., D.T. Mang, K.S. Kim, and L.Y. Young. 1991b. Anaerobic degradation of toluene by a denitrifying bacterium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:1139–1145.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, P.J., W. Ling, B. Goldschmidt, E.R. Ritter, and L.Y. Young. 1992. Metabolites formed during anaerobic transformation of toluene and o-xylene and their proposed relationship to the initial steps of toluene mineralization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:496–501.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, S., and K.M. Scow. 1993. Biodegradation of trichloroethylene and toluene by indigenous microbial populations in soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1911–1918.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fedorak, P.M., and D. W. S. Westlake. 1983. Selective degradation of biphenyl and methylbiphenyls in crude oil by two strains of marine bacteria. Can. J. Microbiol. 29:497–503.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fedorak, P.M., and S.E. Hrudey. 1984. The effects of phenol and some alkyl phenolics on batch anaerobic methanogenesis. Water Res. 18:361–367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fedorak, P.M., and S.E. Hrudey. 1986. Anaerobic treatment of phenolic coal conversion wastewater in semicontinuous cultures. Water Res. 1:113–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fewson, C.A. 1981. Biodegradation of aromatics with industrial relevance. In: Microbial degradation of xenobiotics and recalcitrant compounds (Edited by T. Leisinger, A.M. Cook, R. Hütter, and J. Nüesch). Academic Press, London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finn, R. K. 1983. Use of specialized microbial strains in the treatment of waste and in soil decontamination. Experientia 39:1231–1236.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fogel, S., M. Findlay, C. Scholl, and M. Warminsky. 1995. Biodegradation and bioavailability of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in soil. In: Bioremediation of recalcitrant organics (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, R.E. Hoeppel, D.B. Anderson). Book 3(7) of the third international in situ and onsite bioreclamation symposium (San Diego, USA). Battelle Press, Columbus, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folsom, B. R., P.J. Chapman, and P.H. Pritchard. 1990. Phenol and trichloroethylene degradation by Pseudomonas cepacia G4: Kinetics and interactions between substrates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:1279–1285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, A. C., W. Ling, and L.Y. Young. 1993. Substrate induction and metabolite accumulation during anaerobic toluene utilization by the denitrifying strain T 1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3157–3160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries, M.R., J. Zhou, J. Chee-Sanford, and J.M. Tiedje. 1994. Isolation, characterization, and distribution of denitrifying toluene degraders from a variety of habitats. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 2802–2810.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, M.H., and M. Alexander. 1992. Biodegradation of styrene in samples of natural environments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26:1540–1544.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita, M., M. Ike, and T. Kamiya. 1993. Accelerated phenol removal by amplifying the gene expression with a recombinant plasmid encoding catechol-2,3-oxygenase. Water Res. 27:9–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furuhashi, K., M. Shintani, and M. Takagi. 1986. Effects of solvents on the production of epoxides by Nocardia corallina B-276. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32:218–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furukawa, K., J. R. Simon, and A. M. Chakrabarty. 1983. Common induction and regulation of biphenyl, xylene/toluene and salicylate catabolism in Pseudomonas paucimobilus. J. Bacteriol. 154:1356–1362.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furukawa, K., and T. Myazaki. 1986. Cloning of a gene cluster encoding biphenyl and chlorobiphenyl degradation in Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. J. Bacteriol. 166:392–398.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furukawa, K. 1994. Molecular genetics and evolutionary relationship of PCB-degrading bacteria. Biodegradation 5:289–300.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallert, C., and J. Winter. 1993. Uptake of phenol by the phenol-metabolizing bacteria of a stable, strictly anaerobic consortium. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 39:627–631.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geigert J., T.D. Lee, D.J. Dalietos, D.S. Hirano, and S.L. Neidleman. 1986. Epoxidation of alkenes by chloroperoxidase catalysis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 136:778–782.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Genthner, B. R. S., G.T. Townsend, and P.J. Chapman. 1991. p-Hydroxybenzoate as an intermediate in the anaerobic transformation of phenol to benzoate. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 78:265–270.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons, J.A., and M. Alexander. 1988. Microbial degradation of sparingly soluble organic chemicals: Phthalate esters. Environ. Tox. Chem. 8:283–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, D. T., M. Henley, H. Yoshioka, and T.J. Mabry. 1970. Formation of (+)-cis-2, 3–dihydroxy-l-methyl-cyclohexa-4,6-diene from toluene by Pseudomonas putida. Biochemistry 9:166–1630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, D.T. 1972. The microbial oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons. CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 1:199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, D. T., B. Gschwendt, W.K. Yeh, W.K. Yeh, and V.M. Kobal. 1973a. Initial reactions in the oxidation of ethylbenzene by Pseudomonas putida. Biochemistry 12:1520–1528.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, D.T., R.L. Roberts, M.C. Wells, and V.M. Kobal. 1973b. Oxidation of biphenyl by a Beijerinkia species. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 50:211–219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, D.T., and V. Subramanian. 1984. Microbial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Microbial degradation of organic compounds (Edited by D.T. Gibson). Dekker inc. New York, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glöckler, R., A. Tschech, and G. Fuchs. 1989. Reductive dehydroxylation of 4-hydroxybenzoylCoA to benzoyl-CoA in a denitrifying phenol-degrading Pseudomonas species. FEBS Lett. 251:237–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldbeck, J.H., S.A. Albaugh, and R. Radmer. 1983. Metabolism of biphenyl by Aspergillus toxicarius: Induction of hydroxylating activity and accumulation of water-soluble conjugates. J. Bacteriol. 156:49–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfreund, J.G., G. Schmitt, und R. Schweisfurth. 1985. Erfahrungen über den Abbau von Kohlenwasserstoffen im Untergrund mittels Nitratdosierung. Forum Stadte-Hygiene 6:184–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Govind, R., P.A. Flaherty, and R.A. Dobbs. 1991. Fate and effects of semivolatile organic pollutants during anaerobic digestion of sludge. Water Res. 25:547–556.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, P.R. 1973. Phthalate ester plasticizers — Why and how they are used. Environ. Health Perspect. 3: 3–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graveel, J.G., L.E. Sommers, and D.W. Nelson. 1986. Decomposition of benzidine, anaphthylamine, and p-toluidine in soils. J. Environ. Qual. 15:53–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graves, D.A., C.A. Lang, and J.N. Rightmyer. 1994. Biodegradation of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in groundwater: Treatability study supporting in situ aquifer bioremediation. In: Applied biotechnology for site remediation (Edited by R. E. Hinchee, D. B. Anderson, F. Blaine Metting (j r.), and G. D. Sayles). CRC Press, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grbić-Galić, D., and T.M. Vogel. 1987. Transformation of toluene and benzene by mixed methanogenic cultures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:254–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grbić-Galić, D., N. Churchman-Eisel, and I. Mrakovic. 1990. Microbial transformation of styrene by anaerobic consortia. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 69:247–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grey M.G., O.K. Scheible, J.A. Maiello, W.J. Guarini, and P.M. Skutton. 1995. Biological fluidized-bed treatment of groundwater from a manufactured gas plant site. In: Biological unit processes for hazardous waste treatment (Edited by R. E. Hinchee, G. D. Sayles, R.S. Skeen). Book 3(9) of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium (San Diego, USA). Battelle Press, Columbus, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gromicko, G. J., M. Smock, A. D. Wong, and B. Sheridan. 1995. Pilot study: Fixed-Film bioreactor to enhance carbon adsorption. In: Biological unit processes for hazardous waste treatment (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, G.D. Sayles, R.S. Skeen). Book 3(9) of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium (San Diego, USA). Battelle Press, Columbus, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haigler, B. E., C. A. Pettigrew, and J.C. Spain. 1992. Biodegradation of mixtures of substituted benzenes by Pseudomonas sp. strain JS150. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:2237–2244.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haley, T.J. 1975. Benzidine revisited: A review of the literature and problems associated with the use of benzidine and its congeners. Clin. Toxicol. 8:13–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Häner, A., P. Höhener, J. Zeyer. 1995. Degradation of p-xylene by a denitrifying enrichment culture. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3185–3188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Häner, A., P. Höhener, J. Zeyer. 1997. Degradation of trimethylbenzene isomers by an enrichment culture under N20-reducing conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:1171–1174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harayama, S., R. A. Leppik, R. N. Mermod, P.R. Lehrbach, W. Reineke, and K.N. Timmis. 1986. Gene order of the TOL catabolic plasmid upper pathway operon and oxidation of both toluene and benzyl alcohol by the xylA product. J. Bacteriol. 167:455–461.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmans, S., J.P. Smits, M.J. van der Werf, F. Volkering, and J.A.M. de Bont. 1989. Metabolism of styrene oxide and 2-phenylethanol in the styrene-degrading Xanthobacter strain 124X. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:2850–2855.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmans, S., M.J. van der Werf, and J.A.M. de Bont. 1990a. Bacterial degradation of styrene involving a novel flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent styrene monooxygenase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:1347–1351.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmans, S., J. Tramper, and J.A.M. de Bont. 1990b. Biological waste gas treatment. In: Biotechnology (Edited by C. Christiansen, L. Munck, and J. Villadsen). Munksgaard, Denmark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmans, S. 1993. Biodegradation of chlorinated and unsaturated hydrocarbons in relation to biological waste gas treatment. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, I.J., R.C. Hammond, F.S. Sariaslani, D. Best, M.M. Davies, S.E. Tryhorn, F. Taylor. 1979. Biotransformation of hydrocarbons and related compounds by whole organism suspensions of methane-grown Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 89: 671–677.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, G.A., M.E. Tomusiak, B. Quail, and K.M. van Clewe. 1991. Bioreactor design effects on biodegradation capabilities of VOCs in wastewater. Environ. Prog. 10:147–153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofrichter, M., T. Günther, and W. Fritsche. 1993. Metabolism of phenol, chloro- and nitrophenols by the Penicillium strain Bi 7/2 isolated from a contaminated soil. Biodegradation 3:415–421.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, H.L., I.M. Carter, P.C. Chenchaiah, S.H. Kahn, B. Munoz, R.W. Ninnis, and D. Richards. 1985. Fungal hydroxylation of ethylbenzene and derivates. Tetrahedron Lett. 26:6409–6412.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, A., D.R. Shelton, C.P. Cornell, and J.M. Tiedje. 1982. Anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds in sediments and digested sludge. Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 23:435–444.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou, C.T., R. Patel, A.I. Laskin, N. Barnabe, and I. Barist. 1983. Epoxidation of short-chain alkenes by resting-cell suspensions of propane-grown bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:171–177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou, C.T., M.A. Jackson, M.O. Bagby, and L.A. Becker. 1994. Microbial oxidation of cumene by octane-grown cells. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 41:178–182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hout van den, K.D. 1990. Industriële emissies in Nederland: Derde inventarisatie 1985 t/m 1987. Publicatiereeks Emissieregistratie No. 1. VROM, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, E.J.L., and R.C. Bayly. 1983. Control of catechol meta cleavage in Alcaligenes eutrophus. J. Bacteriol. 154:1363–1370.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, M. J., M. Beckmann, M. A. Barlaz, and R.C. Borden. 1995. Anaerobic BTEX biodegradation in laboratory microcosms and in-situ columns. In: Intrinsic bioremediation (Edited by R.E Hinchee, J.T. Wilson, and D.C. Downey). Book 3(1) of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium (San Diego, USA). Battelle Press, Columbus, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchins, S.R. 1991a. Biodegradation of monoaromatic hydrocarbons by aquifer microorganisms using oxygen, nitrate, or nitrous oxide as terminal electron acceptor. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 57: 2403–2407.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchins, S.R. 1991b. Optimizing BTEX biodegradation under denitrifying conditions. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10:1437–1448.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchins, S. R., G.W. Sewell, D. A. Kovacs, and G. A. Smith. 1991. Biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons by aquifer microorganisms under denitrifying conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:68–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, H.M., and R.E. Hudson. 1986. Degradation of phenol and chlorophenols by sunlight and microbes in estuarine water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20:1002–1007.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishigooka, H., Y. Yoshida, T. Omori, and Y. Minoda. 1986. Enzymatic dioxygenation of biphenyl-2,3-diol and 3-isopropylcatechol. Agric. Biol. Chem. 50:1045–1046.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, B. K., and E. Arvin. 1994. Aromatic hydrocarbon degradation specificity of an enriched denitrifying mixed culture. In: Hydrocarbon bioremediation (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, B.C. Alleman, R.E. Hoeppel, and R.N. Miller). CRC Press, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jigami, Y., T. Omori, and Y. Minoda. 1974. A new ring fission product suggestive of an unknown reductive step in the degradation of n-butylbenzene by Pseudomonas sp. Agric. Biol. Chem. 38:1757–1759.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jigami, Y., T. Omori, and Y. Minoda. 1975. The degradation of isopropylbenzene and isobutylbenzene by Pseudomonas sp. Agric. Biol. Chem. 39:1781–1788.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jigami, Y., T. Omori, and Y. Minoda. 1979. A new metabolic divergence in the degradation of isopropylbenzene and isobutylbenzene by Pseudomonas sp. Agric. Biol. Chem. 43: 2001–2003.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B.T., and W. Lulves. 1975. Biodegradation of di-butyl phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in freshwater hydrosoil. J. Fish Res. Board Can. 32:333–339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B. T., M. A. Heitkamp, and J. R. Jones. 1984. Environmental and chemical factors influencing the biodegradation of phthalic acid esters in freshwater sediments. Environ. Pollut. B8:101–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K.H., P.W. Trudgill, and D.J. Hopper. 1995. Evidence of two pathways for the metabolism of phenol by Aspergillus fumigatus. Arch. Microbiol. 163:176–181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen, C., B. Nielsen, B. K. Jensen, and E. Mortensen. 1995. Transformation of o-xylene to o-methyl benzoic acid by a denitrifying enrichment culture using toluene as the primary substrate. Biodegradation 6:141–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Josephy, P.D. 1986. Benzidine: Mechanisms of oxidative activation and mutagenesis. Fed. Proc. 45:2465–2470.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jüttner, F., and J.J. Henatsch. 1986. Anoxic hypolimnion is a significant source of biogenic toluene. Nature. 323:797–798.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaphammer, B., J.J. Kukor, and R.H. Olsen. 1990. Cloning and characterization of a novel toluene degradative pathway from Pseudomonas picketti PK01. In: Abstracts of the 90th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, abstr. K-145, pp.243, American Society for Microbiology, Washington D. C., USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, D. L., R. Hartenstein, and J. Sutter. 1979. Biodegradation of polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, and phenol formaldehyde. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:551–553.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlson, U., and W.T. Frankenberger (j r.). 1989. Microbial degradation of benzene and toluene in groundwater. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43:505–510.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keener, W. K., and D.J. Arp. 1994. Transformation of aromatic compounds by Nitrosomonas europaea. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1914–1920.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keith, L.H., and W.A. Telliard. 1979. Priority pollutants. I. A perspective view. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13:416–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keuning, S., and D. Jager. 1994. Simultaneous degradation of chlorobenzene, toluene, xylene, and ethanol by pure and mixed Pseudomonas cultures. In: Applied biotechnology for site remediation (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, D.B. Anderson, F. Blaine Metting (jr.), and G.D. Sayles). CRC Press, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keyser, P., G.P. Pujar, R.W. Eaton, and D.W. Ribbons. 1976. Biodegradation of the phthalates and their esters by bacteria. Environ. Health Perspect. 18:159–166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khoury, N., W. Dott, and P. Kämpfer. 1992. Anaerobic degradation of phenol in batch and continuous cultures by a denitrifying bacterial consortium. Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol. 37:524–528.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, E. P., P.J. Colberg, J.L. Schnoor, O. Wanner, A. J. B. Zehnder, and R.P. Schwarzenbach. 1985. Microbial transformation of substituted benzenes during infiltration of river water to groundwater: Laboratory column studies. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19:961–968.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, E.P., J. Zeyer, P. Eicher, and R.P. Schwarzenbach. 1988. Anaerobic degradation of alkylated benzenes in denitrifying aquifer columns. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:490–496.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurane, R., T. Suzuki, and Y. Takahara. 1979. Microbial population and identification of phthalate ester-utilizing microorganisms. Agric. Biol. Chem. 42:1469–1478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurane, R., T. Suzuki, and Y. Takahara. 1980. Induction of enzymes involved in phthalate esters metabolism in Nocardia erythropolis and enzymatic hydrolysis of phthalate esters by commercial lipases. Agric. Biol. Chem. 44:529–536.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurane, R., T. Suzuki, Y. Takahara, and S. Fukuoka. 1984. Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Nocardia erythropolis. Agric. Biol. Chem. 48:2105–2111.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lack, A., and G. Fuchs. 1992. Carboxylation of phenylphosphate by phenol carboxylase, an enzyme system of anaerobic phenol metabolism. J. Bacteriol. 174:3629–3636.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lack, A., and G. Fuchs. 1994. Evidence that phenol phosphorylation to phenylphosphate is the first step in anaerobic phenol metabolism in a denitrifying Pseudomonas sp. Arch. Microbiol. 161:132–139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackey, L.W., and M.T. Holt. 1995. Biofiltration systems for the control of VOC contaminated air streams. In: Poster abstracts of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium, Group I(c), E6 (San Diego, California, USA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Landa, A.S., E.M. Sipkema, J. Weijma, A.A.C.M. Beenackers, J. Dolfing, and D.B. Janssen. 1994. Cometabolic degradation of trichloroethylene by Pseudomonas cepacia G4 in a chemostat with toluene as the primary substrate. Appl. Microbiol. Environ. 60:3368–3374.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langenhoff, A. A. M., A. J. B. Zehnder, and G. Schraa. 1996. Behaviour of toluene, benzene and naphthalene under anaerobic conditions in sediment columns. Biodegradation 7:267–274.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langenhoff, A.A.M., D.L. Brouwers-Ceiler, J.H.L. Engelberting, J.J. Quist, J.G.P.N. Wolkenfelt, A.J.B. Zehnder, and G. Schraa. 1997. Microbial reduction of manganese coupled to toluene oxidation. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 22:119–127.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M.D., W.A. Butler, T.F. Mistretta, I.J. Zanikos, and R.E. Perkins. 1994. Biological treatability studies on surface impoundment sludge from a chemical manufacturing facility. In: Bioremediation of chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, A. Leeson, L. Semprini, and S.K. Ong). CRC Press, New York, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J.-Y., J. R. Roh, and H.-S. Kim. 1994. Metabolic engineering of Pseudomonas putida for the complete mineralization of benzene, toluene, and p-xylene mixture. Biotech. Bioeng. 43:1146–1152.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J.-Y., K. -H Jung, and H.-S. Kim. 1995. Amplification of toluene dioxygenase genes in a hybrid Pseudomonas strain to enhance the biodegradation of benzene, toluene, and p-xylene mixture. Biotech. Bioeng. 45:488–494.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee K., and D.T. Gibson. 1996. Toluene and ethylbenzene oxidation by purified naphthalene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. strain NCIB 9816–4. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:3101–3106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lei, J., D. Lord, R. Arneberg, D. Rho, C. Greer, and B. Cyr. 1995. Biological treatment of waste gases containing volatile hydrocarbons. In: Biological unit processes for hazardous waste treatment (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, G.D. Sayles, and R.S. Skeen). Book 3(9) of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium (San Diego, USA). Battelle Press, Columbus, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lépine, F., J.-G. Bisaillon, S. Milot, T.H. Khalid, R. Beaudet, and R. Villemur. 1996. Transformation of phenol into phenylalanine by a methanogenic consortium. Appl. Environ. M icrobiol. 62: 809–814.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, A.G., and H.A. Chase. 1989. Modelling phenol degradation in a fluidized-bed bioreactor. AIChE. J. 35:1980–1992.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, A.G. 1993. A novel membrane bioreactor for detoxifying industrial waste water: I. Biodegradation of phenol in a synthetically concocted wastewater. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 41:915–926.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovley, D. R., and D.J. Lonergan. 1990. Anaerobic oxidation of toluene, phenol, and p-cresol by the dissimilatory iron-reducing organism, GS-15. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:1858–1864.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovley, D. R., J. C. Woodward, and F.H. Chapelle. 1994. Stimulated anoxic biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons using Fe(III) ligands. Nature 370:128–131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovley, D.R., J.D. Coates, J.C. Woodward, and E.J.P. Phillips. 1995. Benzene oxidation coupled to sulfate reduction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:953–958.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovley, D.R., J.C. Woodward, and F.H. Chapelle. 1996. Rapid anaerobic benzene oxidation with a variety of chelated Fe(III) forms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:288–291.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund, F.A., and M.M. Cabrera. 1986. Improved phenol oxidation in activated sludge by addition of phenol-adapted Pseudomonas sp. Zentralbl. Mikrobiol. 141:115–119.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lunt, D.O., and W.C. Evans. 1970. The microbial metabolism of biphenyl. Biochem. J. 118:54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Major, D.W., C.I. Mayfield, and J.F. Baker. 1988. Biotransformation of benzenes by denitrification in aquifer sand. Groundwater 26:8–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malaney, G.W. 1960. Oxidative abilities of aniline-acclimated activated sludge. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 32:1300–1311.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malaney, G.W., and R.E. McKinney. 1966. Oxidative abilities of benzene-acclimated activated sludge. Water Sewage Works 113:302–309.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mal’ tseva, O. V., and L.A. Golovleva. 1983. Rearrangements of the central metabolism in Pseudomonas aerigunosa adapted to growth on p-xylene. Mikrobiologiya 52:294–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning, B. W., C. E. Cerniglia, and T. W. Federle. 1985. Metabolism of the benzidine-based azo dye Direct Black 38 by human intestinal microbiota. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:10–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mars, A.E., J. Houwing, J. Dolfing, and D.B. Janssen. 1996. Degradation of toluene and trichloroethylene by Burkholderia cepacia G4 in growth-limited fed-batch culture. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:886–891.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mars, A.E., and D.B. Janssen. 1996. Degradation of toluene and trichloroethylene by Burkholderia cepacia G4 in fed-batch culture at low subtrate concentrations. In: Proceedings of the UIB-GBF-CSIC-TUB symposium: Biodegradation of organic pollutants. Palma de Mallorca, June 29 -July 3, Mallorca, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsman, E.H., J.M.M. Appelman, L.G.C.M. Urlings, and B.A. Bult. 1994. Biopur, an innovative bioreactor for the treatment of groundwater and soil vapor contaminated with xenobiotics. In: Applied biotechnology for site remediation (Edited by R. E. Hinchee, D. B. Anderson, F. Blaine Metting (jr.), and G.D. Sayles). CRC Press, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathur, S.P. 1974. Respirometric evidence of the utilization in soil of di-octyl and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate plasticizers. J. Environ. Qual. 3:207–209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCfung, N.M. 1974. Genus Nocardiacea Trevisan. Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, 8th ed. (Edited by Buchanan and Gibbons). The Williams and Wilkins company, Baltimore, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medina, V.F., J.S. Devinny, and M. Ramaratnam. 1995. Biofiltration of toluene vapors in a carbon-medium biofilter. In: Biological unit processes for hazardous waste treatment (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, G.D. Sayles, R.S. Skeen). Book 3(9) of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium (San Diego, USA). Battelle Press, Columbus, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melin, E.S., J.A. Puhakka, M. Männistö, and J.F. Ferguson. 1995. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a marine fluidized-bed enrichment. In: Biological unit processes for hazardous waste treatment (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, G.D. Sayles, and R.S. Skeen). Book 3(9) of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium (San Diego, USA). Battelle Press, Columbus, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menke, B., and H.-J. Rehm. 1992. Degradation of mixtures of monochlorophenols and phenol as substrates for free and immobilized cells. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 37:655–661.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mu, D.Y., and K.M. Scow. 1994. Effect of trichloroethylene (TCE) and toluene concentrations on TCE and toluene biodegradation and the population density of TCE and toluene degraders in soil. Appl. Microbiol. Environ. 60:2661–2665.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nawaz, M.S., and K.D. Chapatwala. 1990. Simultaneous degradation of acetonitrile and biphenyl by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Can. J. Microbiol. 37:411–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, M.J.K., S.O. Montgomery, W.R. Mahaffey, and P.H. Pritchard. 1987. Biodegradation of trichloroethylene and involvement of an aromatic biodegradative pathway. Appl. Microbiol. Environ. 53:949–954.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, P. H., and T.H. Christensen. 1994. Spatial variability of aerobic degradation potential for organic pollutants. In: Bioremediation of chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, A. Leeson, L. Semprini, and S. K. Ong). CRC Press, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Conner, K., C. M. Buckley, S. Hartmans, and A. D. W. Dobson. 1995. Possible regulatory role for nonaromatic carbon sources in styrene degradation by Pseudomonas putida CA-3. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:544–548.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omori, T., M. Matsubara, S. Masuda, and T. Kodama. 1991. Production of 4,5-dihydro-4,5dihydroxyphthalate from phthalate by a mutant strain of Pseudomonas testosteroni M4–1. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 35:431–435.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ottengraf, S.P.P., A.H.C. van den Oever, and F.J.C.M. Kempenaars. 1984. Waste gas purification in a biological filter bed. In: Innovations in Biotechnology (Edited by E.H. Houwink and R.R. van der Meer). Elseviers Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ottengraf, S. P., J. J. P. Meesters, A. H. C. van den Oever, and H. R. Rozema. 1986. Biological elimination of volatile xenobiotic compounds in biofilters. Biopro. Eng. 1:61–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, W. J., H.D. Monteith, and H. Melcer. 1994. Estimation of anaerobic biodegradation rates for toxic organic compounds in municipal sludge digestion. Water Res. 8:1779–1789.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, J. W., and P.S. Kodukala. 1981. Biodegradation of hazardous organic priority pollutants. Chem. Eng. Progress 77:48–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, G.E., J.B. Robinson, and J.R. Colaruotolo. 1983. Substrate diversity of Pseudomonas spp. containing chlorotoluene degradative plasmids. Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 24:499–507.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, C.A., B.E. Haigler, and J.C. Spain. 1991. Simultaneous biodegradation of chlorobenzene and toluene by a Pseudomonas strain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:157–162.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Portier, R.J., and J.A. Christiansen. 1990. Biological detoxification of contaminated soils and sludges from a RCRA surface impoundment. Proc. Natl. Conf. Hazard. Wastes Hazard. Mater., 7:322–325. Hazard. Mater. Res. Control Inst. Silver Spring. USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powlowski, J., and V. Shingler. 1994. Genetics and biochemistry of phenol degradation by Pseudomonas sp. CF600. Biodegradation 5:219–236.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pugh, L. B., R.R. Rediske, D.F. Rogers, and D.H. Peden. 1995. Activated carbon-enhanced biological groundwater treatment: Superfund site case study. In: Biological unit processes for hazardous waste treatment (Edited by R. E. Hinchee, G. D. Sayles, R.S. Skeen). Book 3(9) of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium (San Diego, USA). Battelle Press, Columbus, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabus, R., R. Nordhaus, W. Ludwig, and F. Widdel. 1993. Complete oxidation of toluene under strict anoxic conditions by a new sulfate-reducing bacterium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1444–1451.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabus, R., and F. Widdel. 1995. Anaerobic degradation of ethylbenzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons by new denitrifying bacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 163:96–103.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rai, D.N., J.M. Dasch, T.L. Gibson, C.C. Ang, and A.S. Abdul. 1995. Biodegradation of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons by native soil and groundwater microorganisms: Laboratory microcosm studies. In: Poster abstracts of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium, Group II(c), E 1(San Diego, California, USA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt, P. B., B.L. Chadwick, M. A. Cole, B. R. Robertson, and D.K. Button. 1981. Kinetic study of the biodegradation of biphenyl and its monochlorinated analogues by a mixed marine microbial community. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15:75–79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reineke, W. 1989. Der Abbau von chlorierten Aromaten durch Bakterien: Biochemie, Stammentwicklung und Einsatz zur Boden- und Abwasserbehandlung. Forum Mikrobiologie. 1989 (9): 402–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinhard, M., and N.L. Goodman. 1984. Occurrence and distribution of organic chemicals in two landfill leachate plumes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18:953–961.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RIVM. 1988. Integrated criteria document on benzene. National Institute for Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands (Report No. 758476003).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, S.H., and B.C. Kelley. 1995. Bioremediation of petrochemicals following a major fire. In: Platform abstracts of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium, F4 (San Diego, California, USA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rochkind-Dubinsky M.L., G.S. Sayler, and J.W. Blackburn. 1987. Microbiological decomposition of chlorinated aromatic compounds. Microbiology series volume 18. Dekker, New York, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, H. E., R.V. Subba-Rao, and M. Alexander. 1982. Rates of mineralization of trace concentrations of aromatic compounds in lake water and sewage samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:1133–1138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rustemov, S.A., L.A. Golovleva, R.M. Alieva, and B.P. Baskunov. 1992. New pathway of styrene oxidation by a Pseudomonas putida culture. Microbiology 61:1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saeger, V.W., and E.S. Tucker. 1973. Biodegradation of phthalate esters. In: Flexible vinyls and human safety: An objective analysis. Regional Technical Conference of the Society of Plastics Engineers, New York, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saeger, V. W., and E. S. Tucker. 1976. Biodegradation of phthalate esters in river water and activated sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 31:29–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safe, S.H. 1984. Microbial degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls. In: Microbial degradation of organic compounds (Edited by D.T. Gibson). Dekker inc., New York, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schink, B., A. Brune, and S. Schnell. 1992. Anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds. In: Microbial degradation of natural products (Edited by G. Winkelmann). VCH, Weinheim, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, F. (Bayer A.-G.). 1985. Ger. Offen. DE 3326057 Al (C1 BOlD 53/34) 31 Jan. 1985. Appl. July 20, 1983 (patent).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scow, K. M., D. Li, V.B. Manilal, and M. Alexander. 1990. Mineralization of organic compounds at low concentrations by filamentous fungi. Mycol. Res. 94(6):793–798.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schraa, G., B.M. Bethe, A.R.W. van Neerven, W.J.J. van den Tweel, E. van der Wende, and A.J.B. Zehnder. 1987. Degradation of 1,2-dimethylbenzene by Corynebacterium strain C125. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 53:159–170.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Semple, K.T., and R.B. Cain. 1996. Biodegradation of phenols by the alga Ochromonas danica. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1265–1273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seyfried, B., G. Glod, R. Schocher, A. Tschech, and J. Zeyer. 1994. Initial reactions in the anaerobic oxidation of toluene and m-xylene by denitrifying bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 4047–4052.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shanker, R., C. Ramakrishna, and P.K. Seth. 1985. Degradation of some phthalate acid esters in soil. Environ. Pollut. 39:1–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, R., J. Bryers, W. Jones, and M. Shields. 1995. Retention and expression of pTOM31c in the transconjugant Pseudomonas cepacia 17616 in suspended and biofilm cultures. In: Platform abstracts of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium, G3 (San Diego, California, USA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, D. R., S. A. Boyd, and J.M. Tiedje. 1984. Anaerobic biodegradation of phthalic acid esters in sludge. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18:93–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shields, M.S., S.O. Montgomery, P.J. Chapman, S.M. Cuskey, and P.H. Pritchard. 1989. Novel pathway of toluene catabolism in the trichloroethylene-degrading bacterium G4. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1624–1629.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shields, M.S., M.J. Reagin, R.R. Gerger, R. Campbell, and C. Somerville. 1995. TOM, a new aromatic degradative plasmid from Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia G4. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1352–1356.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shirai, K., and K. Hisatsuka. 1979. Production of fβ-phenethyl alcohol from styrene by Pseudomonas 305-STR-1–4. Agric. Biol. Chem. 43:1399–1406.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sielicki, M., D.D. Focht, and J.P. Martin. 1978. Microbial transformations of styrene and [14C] styrene in soil and enrichment cultures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:124–128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. V., P.J. Davis, A. M. Clark, and S. Glover-Milton. 1980. Hydroxylations of biphenyl by fungi. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 49:65–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M.R., and C. Ratledge. 1989a. Catabolism of alkylbenzenes by Pseudomonas sp. NCIB 10643. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32:68–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M.R., and C. Ratledge. 1989b. Catabolism of biphenyl Pseudomonas sp. NCIB 10643 and Nocardia sp. NCIB 10503. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30:395–401.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spinnler, H. E., O. Grosjean, and I. Bouvier. 1992. Effect of culture parameters on the production of styrene (vinyl benzene) and 1-octene-3-ol by Penicillium caseicolum. J. Dairy Res. 59:533–541.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stucki, G., A. Goy, R. Schmuckli, and P. Cedraschi. 1995. Biologische Reinigung von Abluft aus der chemischen Industrie. Staub-Reinhaltung der Luft 55:53–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugatt, R. H., D.P. O’Grady, S. Banerjee, P. H. Howard, and W.E Gledmill. 1984. Shake flask biodegradation of 14 commercial phthalate esters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:601–606.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suschka, J., B. Mrowiec, and G. Kuszmider. 1996. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) at some sewage treatment plants in Poland. Water Sci. and Technol. 33:273–276.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabak, H. H., and E. F Barth. 1978. Biodegradability of benzidine in aerobic suspended growth reactors. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 51:552–558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tahraoui, K., R. Samson, and D. Rho. 1995. BTX degradation and dynamic parameters interaction in a 50–1 biofilter. In: Poster abstracts of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium, Group I(c), E6 (San Diego, California USA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Takase, I., T. Omori, and Y. Minoda. 1986. Microbial degradation of products from biphenylrelated compounds. Agric. Biol. Chem. 50:681–686.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, B. F., R.W. Curry, and E.F. Corcoran. 1981. Potential for biodegradation of phthalic acid esters in marine regions. Apnl. Environ. Microhiol 42:590–595

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thierrin, J., G.B. Davis, C. Barber, B.M. Patterson, F. Pribac, T.R. Power, and M. Lambert. 1993. Natural degradation rates of BTEX compounds and naphthalene in a sulfate-reducing groundwater environment. J. Hydrol. Sci. 38:309–322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J.M., J.R. Yordy, J.A. Amador, and M. Alexander. 1986. Rates of dissolution and biodegradation of water-insoluble organic compounds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:90–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. M., V.R. Gordy, S. Fiorenza, and C.H. Ward. 1990. Biodegradation of BTEX in subsurface materials contaminated with gasoline: Granger, Indiana. Water Sci. Tech. 22:53–62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D.R., K.S. Carswell, and G. Georgiou. 1992. Mineralization of biphenyl and PCBs by the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 40:1395–1402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tschech, A., and G. Fuchs. 1987. Anaerobic degradation of phenol by pure cultures of newly isolated denitrifying pseudomonads. Arch. Microbiol. 148:213–217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Public Health Service. 1989. Toxicological profile for toluene. Publication ATSDR/TP89/23. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Public Health Service, Atlanta. USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Utkin, I. B., M. M. Yakimov, L.N. Matveeva, E. I. Kozlyak, I. S. Rogozhin, Z.G. Solomon, and A. M. Bezborodov. 1991. Degradation of styrene and ethylbenzene by Pseudomonas species Y2. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 77:237–242.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vail, R.L. 1991. Refiner biodegrades separator-type sludge to BDAT standards. Oil and Gas J. 11 (nov):53–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaishnav, D.D., and L. Babeu. 1987. Comparison of occurrence and rates of chemical biodegradation in natural waters. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39:237–244.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vannelli, T., and A. B. Hooper. 1995. Isotopically sensitive branching during the oxidation of ethylbenzene by ammonia monooxygenase. In: Speaker abstracts of the international symposium on microbial growth on C1 compounds (San Diego, California, USA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Beelen, P., and F. van Keulen. 1990. The kinetics of the degradation of chloroform and benzene during anaerobic fermentative transformation. Hydrobiol. Bull. 24:13–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, T.M., and D. Grbić-Galić. 1986. Incorporation of oxygen from water into toluene and benzene during anaerobic fermentive transformation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:200–202.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voice, T.C., X. Zhao, J. Shi, and R.F. Hickey. 1995. Biological activated carbon fluidized-bed system to treat gasoline-contaminated groundwater. In: Biological unit processes for hazardous waste treatment (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, G.D. Sayles, R.S. Skeen). Book 3(9) of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium (San Diego, USA). Battelle Press, Columbus, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • VROM. 1994. Herziening van de lijst met prioritaire stoffen. Publicatiereeks stoffen, veiligheid, straling (nr. 1994/16). VROM, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J.D., J.J. Calomiris, T.L. Herbert, and R.R. Colwell. 1976. Petroleum hydrocarbons: Degradation and growth potential Atlantic ocean sediment bacteria. Mar. Biol. 34:1–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warhurst, A.M., K.F. Clarke, R.A. Hill, R.A. Holt, and C.A. Fewson. 1994. Metabolism of styrene by Rhodococcus rhodochrous NCIMB 13259. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1137–1145.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, F.J. 1995. Toluene: Biological waste gas treatment, toxicity and microbial adaptation. Ph. D. Thesis. Landbouwuniversiteit, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, F.J., K.C. Hage, and J.A.M. de Bont. 1995. Growth of the fungus Cladiosporium sphaerospermum with toluene as the sole carbon and energy source. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 3562–3566.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, F. J., and J. A. M. de Bont. 1996. Fungal growth at the expense of toluene as the sole carbon and energy source. In: Proceedings of the UIB-GBF-CSIC-TUB symposium: Biodegradation of organic pollutants. Palma de Mallorca, June 29-July 3, Mallorca, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellens, H. 1990. Zur biologischen Abbaubarkeit mono- und disubstituierter Benzolderivate. Z. W as ser-Abwas ser-Forsch. 23: 85–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weymann, D.F. and L.M. Hammerbeck. 1995. In situ closed-loop bioremediation: Rapid closure in a northern climate. In: Applied bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, J.A. Kittel, H.J. Reisinger. Book 3(6) of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium (San Diego, USA). Battelle Press, Columbus, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weymann, D.F. 1995. Applied research and technology development for bioremediation. In: Platform abstracts of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium, A2 (San Diego, California, USA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Whited, G. M., and D. T. Gibson. 1991a. Toluene-4-monooxygenase, a three-component enzyme system that catalyzes the oxidation of toluene to p-cresol in Pseudomonas mendocina KR1. J. Bacteriol. 173: 3010–3016.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whited, G.M., and D.T. Gibson. 1991b. Separation and partial characterization of the enzymes of the toluene-4-monooxygenase catabolic pathway in Pseudomonas mendocina KR1. J. Bacteriol. 173: 3017–3020.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P.A. 1981. Genetics of biodegradation. In: Microbial degradation of xenobiotics and recalcitrant compounds (Edited by T. Leisinger, A.M. Cook, R. Hütter and J. Nüesch). Academic Press, London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R.T., P.S. Ziegenfuss, and C.M. Lee. 1993. Aerobic biodegradation of cumene: An ecocore study. Environ. Tox. Chem. 12:485–492.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, B. H., G. B. Smith, and J.F. Rees. 1986. Biotransformation of selected alkylbenzenes and halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in methanogenic aquifer material: A microcosm study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20:997–1002.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.T., D.H. Kampbell, and J. Armstrong. 1994. Natural bioreclamation of alkylbenzenes (BTEX) from a gasoline spill in methanogenic groundwater. In: Hydrocarbon bioremediation (Edited by R. E. Hinchee, B.C. Alleman, R. E. Hoeppel, and R. Miller). CRC Press, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. 1983. Styrene. Environmental Health Criteria 26, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. 1985. Toluene. Environmental Health Criteria 52, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. 1993. Benzene. Environmental Health Criteria 150, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. 1994. Phenol. Environmental Health Criteria 161, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worsey, M.J., and P.A. Williams. 1975. Metabolism of toluene and xylenes by Pseudomonas putida (arvilla) mt-2: Evidence for a new function of the TOL plasmid. J. Bacteriol. 124:7–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, J.S., and C.A. Reddy. 1993. Degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) by the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 756–762.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, J., and O. P. Ward. 1995. Bioremediation of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in contaminated soil. In: Bioremediation of recalcitrant organics (Edited by R.E. Hinchee, R.E. Hoeppel, and D.B. Anderson). Book 3(7) of the third international in situ and on-site bioreclamation symposium (San Diego. USA). Battelle Press. Columbus USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeyer, J., E.P. Kuhn, and R.P. Schwarzenbach. 1986. Rapid microbial mineralization of toluene and 1,3-dimethylbenzene in the absence of molecular oxygen. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:944–947.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., and J. Wiegel. 1994. Reversible conversion of 4-hydroxybenzoate and phenol by Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:4182–4185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zilli, M., A. Converti, A. Lodi, M. Del Borghi, and G. Ferraiolo. 1992. Phenol removal from waste gases with a biological filter by Pseudomonas putida. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 41:693–699.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziogou, K., P.W.W. Kirk, and J.N. Lester. 1989. Behavior of phthalic acid esters during batch anaerobic digestion of sludge. Water Res. 23:743–748.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zylstra, G.J., W.R. McCombie, D.T. Gibson, and B.A. Finette. 1988. Toluene degradation by Pseudomonas putida F1: Genetic organization of the tod operon. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1498–1503.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zylstra, G.J., and D.T. Gibson. 1989. Toluene degradation by Pseudomonas putida F1: Nucleotide sequence of the todC1C2BADE genes and their expression in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 264:14940–14946.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Martin H. van Agteren & Dick B. Janssen

  2. Bioclear Environmental Biotechnology, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Sytze Keuning

Authors
  1. Martin H. van Agteren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sytze Keuning
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dick B. Janssen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

van Agteren, M.H., Keuning, S., Janssen, D.B. (1998). Aromatic compounds. In: Handbook on Biodegradation and Biological Treatment of Hazardous Organic Compounds. Environment & Chemistry, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9062-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9062-4_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5010-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-015-9062-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation