Abstract
Present and potential use of natural zeolites as cation exchangers in environmental protection is reviewed. Siliceous zeolites, such as chabazite, clinoptilolite, mordenite and phillipsite, exhibit good selectivities for cations with low charge density, e.g., Cs+ and NH4 +, and for cations with low hydration energy, such as Pb2+. Zeolitised tuffs, containing the mentioned zeolites, may therefore be utilised for removing the above and other cations from wastewaters before discharge.
Continuous processes with fixed beds are usually employed for water purification, such as those in service in the USA and in other countries around the world for ammonium removal from municipal sewage. Direct addition of the ion exchanger is needed when the pollutant, e.g., radionuclide, must be removed from soil and trapped in the zeolite framework, such as in the case of the Chernobyl nuclear accident.
Removal of heavy metals from wastewaters is made difficult by the complexity of the effluents to be treated, e.g., by the presence of several cationic pollutants for which zeolite does not exhibit comparably high selectivities.
Discontinuous processes (addition of zeolite to the waste solution) are also possible, and recommended in the case of low process efficiency, provided that the zeolitic sludge, resulting from removal of polluting cations, is stabilised-solidified in a cement matrix before disposal or re-use.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Patterson J.W., Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology, Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham, MA, 467 pp. (1985).
Gottardi G. and Obradovic J., Sedimentary zeolites in Europe, Fortschr. Miner. 56, 316–366 (1978).
Hawkins D.B., “Occurrence and availability of natural zeolites”, in W.G. Pond and F.A. Mumpton (Eds.), Zeoagriculture. Use of Natural Zeolites in Agriculture and Aquaculture, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 69–78 (1984).
Hall A. (Ed.), Thematic issue on zeolite deposits, Mineral. Deposita 31, 451–547 (1996).
Gottardi G. and Galli E., Natural Zeolites, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 409 pp. (1985).
Coombs D.S., Alberti A., Armbruster T., Artioli G., Colella C., Galli E., Grice J.D., Liebau F., Minato H., Nickel E.H., Passaglia E., Peacor D.R., Quartieri S., Rinaldi R., Ross M., Sheppard R.A., Tillmanns E. and Vezzalini G., Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals: Report of the Subcommittee on Zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, The Canadian Mineralogist 35, 1571–1606 (1997).
de’ Gennaro M., Adabbo M. and Langella A., Hypothesis on the genesis of zeolites in some European volcaniclastic deposits”, Natural Zeolite’ 93. Occurrence, Properties, Use, D.W. Ming and F.A. Mumpton Eds., ICNZ (International Committee on Natural Zeolites), Brockport, New York, pp. 51–67 (1995).
Sheppard R.A. and Gude A.J. III, Calcic siliceous chabazite from the John Day formation, Grant County, Oregon, US Geol. Survey Prof. Pap. 700-D, D176–D180 (1970).
Stonecipher S.A., “Chemistry of deep-sea phillipsite, clinoptilolite, and host sediments”, Natural Zeolites. Occurrence, Properties, Use, L.B. Sand and F.A. Mumpton Eds., Pergamon Press, Elmsford, New York, pp. 221–234 (1978).
Surdam R.C. and Sheppard R.A., “Zeolites in saline, alkaline-lake deposits”, in L.B. Sand and F.A. Mumpton (Eds.), Natural Zeolites. Occurrence, Properties, Use, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, New York, pp. 145–174 (1978).
Barrer R.M., “Cation-exchange in zeolites and feldspathoids”, in L.B. Sand and F.A. Mumpton (Eds.), Natural Zeolites. Occurrence, Properties, Use, Pergamon Press,, Elmsford, New York, pp. 385–395 (1978).
Langella A., Pansini M., Cappelletti P., de Gennaro B., de’ Gennaro M. and Colella C., Cation exchange equilibria in a sedimentary clinoptilolite, north Sardinia, submitted (1998).
Colella C., Ion exchange equilibria in zeolite minerals, Mineral. Deposita 31, 554–562 (1996).
Pansini M., Colella C., Caputo D., de’ Gennaro M. and Langella A., Evaluation of phillipsite as cation exchanger in lead removal from water, Microporous Materials 5, 357–364 (1996).
Caputo D., Dattilo R. and Pansini M., “Computation of thermodynamic quantities of ion exchange reactions involving zeolites”, in R. Aiello (Ed.), Proceedings III Convegno Naz. Scienza e Tecnologia delie Zeoliti, De Rose, Montalto (CS), Italy, pp. 143–151 (1995).
Eisenman G., Cations selective glass electrodes and their mode of operation, Biophys. J. 2, 259–323 (1962).
Sherry H.S., “The ion-exchange properties of the zeolites”, in J.A. Marinsky (Ed.), Ion Exchange. A Series of Advances, Marcel Dekker, New York, vol. 2, pp. 89–133 (1969).
Perona J.J., Model for Sr-Cs-Ca-Mg-Na ion-exchange equilibria on chabazite, AIChE J. 39, 1716–1720 (1993).
Torracca E., Galli P., Pansini M. and Colella C., Cation exchange reactions of a sedimentary chabazite, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 20, 119–127 (1998).
Howery D.G. and Thomas H.C., Ion exchange on the mineral clinoptilolite, J. Phys. Chem. 69, 531–537 (1965).
Pabalan R.T. and Bertetti F.P., “Thermodynamics of ion-exchange between Na+/Sr++ solutions and the zeolite mineral clinoptilolite”, in A. Barkatt and R.A. van Konynenburg (Eds.), Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XVII, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. No. 333, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, pp. 731–738 (1993).
Townsend R.P. and Loizidou M., Ion exchange properties of natural clinoptilolite, ferrierite and mordenite: I. Sodium-ammonium equilibria, Zeolites 4, 191–195 (19??).
Barrer R.M. and Klinowski J., Ion exchange in mordenite, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I 70, 2062–2367 (1974).
Adabbo M., Caputo D., de Gennaro B., Pansini M. and Colella C., Ion exchange selectivity of phillipsite for Cs and Sr as a function of framework composition, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, in press (1999).
Caputo D., “La phillipsite come scambiatore cationico in processi di possibile interesse per la salvaguardia ambientale”, Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Italy, 135 pp. (1997).
Colella C., de’ Gennaro M., Langella A. and Pansini M, “Cadmium removal from wastewaters using chabazite and phillipsite”, in D.W. Ming and F.A. Mumpton (Eds.), Natural Zeolite’ 93. Occurrence, Properties, Use (International Committee on Natural Zeolites), Brockport, New York, pp. 363–375 (1995).
Colella C., de’ Gennaro M., Langella, A. and Pansini, M., Evaluation of natural phillipsite and chabazite as cation exchangers for copper and zinc, Separation Science and Tecnology 33, 467–481 (1998).
Loizidou M. and Townsend R.P., Ion-exchange properties of natural clinoptilolite, mordenite and ferrierite: Part 2. Lead-sodium and lead-ammonium equilibria, Zeolites 7, 153–159 (1987).
Loizidou M. and Townsend R.P., Exchange of cadmium into the sodium and ammonium forms of natural zeolites clinoptilolite, mordenite and ferrierite, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1911–1916 (1987).
Albino V. and Colella C., “Materiali lapidei artificiali a matrice zeolitica”, in P. Giordano Orsini (Ed.), Atti 2° Convegno Naz. AIMAT (Associazione Italiana dilngegneria dei Materiali), Univ. Trento (Italy), vol. I, pp. 497–504 (1994).
Blanchard G., Maunaye M. and Martin G., Removal of heavy metals from waters by means of natural zeolites, Water Res. 18, 1501–1507 (1984).
de’ Gennaro M. and Colella C., Use of thermal analysis for the evaluation of zeolite content in mixtures of hydrated phases, Thermochimica Acta 154, 345–353 (1989).
Hlavay J., Vassanyi I. and Inczédy J., Quantitative determination of the mordenite content of natural zeolite rocks by infrared spectroscopy, Spectr. Acta 41A, 1457–1458 (1988).
Artioli G., Alberti A., Cagossi G. and Bellotto M., “Quantitative determination of crystalline and amorphous components in clinoptilolite-rich rocks by Rietveld analysis of X-ray powder diffraction profiles”, in C. Colella (Ed.), Atti I Convegno Naz. Scienza e Tecnologia delle Zeoliti, De Frede, Napoli, Italy, pp. 261–270 (1991).
Bottale M.G., Caputo D. and Colella C., “Measurement of the cation exchange capacity of a natural zeolite: a preliminary approach”, in E. Fois and A. Gamba (Eds.), Proc. 4° Convegno Naz. Scienza Teen. Zeoliti, Università dell’Insubria “A. Volta”, Como, Italy, pp. 31–36 (1998).
Tsitsishvili G.V., “Perspectives of natural zeolite applications”, in D. Kalló and H.S. Sherry (Eds.), Occurrences, Properties and Utilization of Natural Zeolites, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 367–393 (1988).
Pansini M., Natural zeolites as cation exchangers for environmental protection, Mineral. Deposita 31, 563–575 (1996).
Koon J.H. and Kaufman W.J., Ammonia removal from municipal wastewater by ion exchange, J. Wat. Pollut. Control Fed. 47, 448–464 (1975).
Liberti L., Lopez A., Amicarelli V. and Boghetich G., “Ammonium and phosphorus removal from wastewater using clinoptilolite: a review of the RIM-NUT process”, in D.W. Ming and F.A. Mumpton (Eds.), Natural Zeolites’ 93. Occurrence, Properties, Use (International Committee on Natural Zeolites), Brockport, New York, pp. 351–362 (1995).
Mumpton F.A., “The natural zeolite story”, in C. Colella (Ed.), Atti 3° Congresso Nazionale AIMAT (Associazione Italiana d’ Ingegneria dei Materiali), De Frede, Napoli (Italy), Vol. 1, pp. XXXI–LXIV (1996).
Torii K., “Utilization of natural zeolites in Japan”, in L.B. Sand and F.A. Mumpton (Eds.), Natural Zeolites. Occurrence, Properties, Use, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, New York, pp. 441–450 (1978).
Dyer A., An Introduction To Zeolite Molecular Sieves, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, p. 83 (1988).
Amicarelli V. and Liberti L., “Zeolite ammonia removal at Manfredonia municipal plant”, in C. Colella (Ed.), Atti I Convegno Naz. Scienza e Tecnologia delle Zeoliti, De Frede, Napoli, Italy, pp. 147–155 (1991).
Hlavay J., Vigh G., Olaszi V. and Inczédy, J., Ammonia and iron removal from drinking water with clinoptilolite tuff, Zeolites 3, 188–190 (1983).
Chmielewská-Horváthová E., Konecny J. and Bosan Z., Ammonia removal from tannery wastewaters by selective ion exchange on Slovak clinoptilolite, Acta hydrochim. hydrobiol. 20, 269–272 (1992).
Chmielewská-Horváthová E., “A possibility of application of clinoptilolite for water pollution control”, in L. Pawlowski, W. Lacy, C.G. Uchrin and M.R. Dudzinska (Eds.), Chemistry for the Protection of the Environment 3, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 35–42 (1998).
Kalló, D., “Wastewater purification in Hungary using natural zeolites”, in D.W. Ming and F.A. Mumpton (Eds.), Natural Zeolites’ 93. Occurrence, Properties, Use (International Committee on Natural Zeolites), Brockport, New York, pp. 341–350 (1995).
Hagiwara Z. and Uchida M., “Ion-exchange reactions of processed zeolite and its application to the removal of ammonia-nitrogen in wastes”, in L.B. Sand and F.A. Mumpton (Eds.), Natural Zeolites. Occurrence, Properties, Use, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, New York, pp. 463–470 (1978).
Colella C. and Aiello R., “Ammonium removal from tannery sewages by selective ion exchange using natural phillipsite”, in D. Kalló and H.S. Sherry (Eds.), Occurrences, Properties and Utilization of Natural Zeolites, Akademiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 491–500 (1988).
Amicarelli V., Baldassarre G., Boghetich G., Liberti L. and Limoni N., “Use of Italian zeolites for deammoniation of municipal wastewater”, in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Environmental Protection, CUEN, Napoli (Italy), 2.A-75-82 (1988).
Dyer A., Use of zeolites in the treatment of nuclear waste, Analytical Proc. 30(4), 190–191 (1993).
Mimura H., Akiba K. and Kavamura K., Separation of heat generating nuclides from high-level liquid wastes through zeolite columns, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 31, 463–469 (1994).
Mercer B.W. and Ames L.L., “Zeolite ion exchange in radioactive and municipal wastewater treatment”, in L.B. Sand and F.A. Mumpton (Eds.), Natural Zeolites. Occurrence, Properties, Use, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, New York, pp. 451–462 (1978).
Collins E.D., Campbell D.O., King L.J. and Knauer J.B., Water decontamination process improvement tests and considerations, AIChE Symp. Ser. 78(213), 9–15 (1982).
Chelishchev N.F., “Use of natural zeolites at Chernobyl”, in D.W. Ming and F.A. Mumpton (Eds.), Natural Zeolites’ 93. Occurrence, Properties, Use (International Committee on Natural Zeolites), Brockport, New York, pp. 525–532 (1995).
Robinson S.M., Kent T.E. and Arnold W.D., “Treatment of contaminated wastewater at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by zeolites and other ion exchangers”, in D.W. Ming and F.A. Mumpton (Eds.), Natural Zeolites’ 93. Occurrence, Properties, Use (International Committee on Natural Zeolites), Brockport, New York, pp. 579–586 (1995).
Tsitsishvili G.V., Andronikashvili T.G., Kirov G.N. and Filizova L.D., Natural Zeolites, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK, pp. 235–262 (1992).
Vaniman D.T. and Bish D.L., “The importance of zeolites in the potential high-level radioactive waste repositiry at Yucca Mountain, Nevada”, in D.W. Ming and F.A. Mumpton (Eds.), Natural Zeolites’ 93. Occurrence, Properties, Use (International Committee on Natural Zeolites), Brockport, New York, pp. 533–546 (1995).
Dyer A. and Kadhim F.H., Inorganic ion-exchangers for the removal of zirconium, hafnium and niobium radioisotopes from aqueous solutions, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., Articles 131(1), 161–169 (1989).
Dyer A. and Jozefowicz L.C., The removal of thorium from aqueous solutions using zeolites, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., Articles 159(1), 47–62 (1992).
Guangsheng Z., **ngzheng L., Guangju L. and Quanchang Z., “Removal of copper from electroplating effluents (potch water) using clinoptilolite”, in D. Kalló and H.S. Sherry (Eds.), Occurrences, Properties and Utilization of Natural Zeolites, Akademiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 529–539 (1988).
Zamzow M.J. and Schultze L.E., “Treatment of acid mine drainage using natural zeolites”, in D.W. Ming and F.A. Mumpton (Eds.), Natural Zeolites’ 93. Occurrence, Properties, Use (International Committee on Natural Zeolites), Brockport, New York, pp. 405–413 (1995).
Colella C., “Use of Italian chabazite and phillipsite for the removal of heavy metals from wastewaters: a review”, in D.W. Ming and F.A. Mumpton (Eds.), Natural Zeolites’ 93. Occurrence, Properties, Use (International Committee on Natural Zeolites), Brockport, New York, pp. 363–375 (1995).
Colella C., de’ Gennaro M., Langella A. and Pansini M., “Cadmium removal from wastewaters using chabazite and phillipsite”, in D.W. Ming and F.A. Mumpton (Eds.), Natural Zeolites’ 93. Occurrence, Properties, Use (International Committee on Natural Zeolites), Brockport, New York, pp. 377–384 (1995).
Colella C. and Pansini M., “Lead removal from wastewaters using chabazite tuff”, in W.H. Flank and T.E. Whyte, Jr. (Eds.), Perspectives in Molecular Sieve Science, ACS Symp. Series 368, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 500–510 (1988).
Sersale R. and Frigione G., Utilization of the quarry dust of the Neapolitan yellow tuff for the manufacture of blended cements, Chim. Ind. (Milan) 65, 479–481 (1983).
Pansini M., Colella C., de’ Gennaro M. and Langella A., “Natural zeolites in environmental preservation: an innovative strategy for chromium removal”, in R. von Ballmoos, J.B. Higgins and M.M.J. Treacy (Eds.), Proceedings 9th Int. Zeolite Conf., Butterworths-Heinemann, Boston, MA, pp. 215–222 (1992).
Albino V., Cioffi R., Pansini M. and Colella C., Disposal of lead-containing zeolite sludges in cement matrix, Environmental Technology 16, 147–156 (1995).
Cioffi R., Pansini M., Caputo D. and Colella C, Evaluation of mechanical and leaching properties of cement-based solidified materials encapsulating Cd-exchanged natural zeolites, Environmental Technology 17, 1215–1224 (1995).
Stagemann J.A. and Coté, P.L., “A proposed protocol for evaluation of solidified wastes”, in R.W. Piggott (Ed.), Proceedings Cement Industry Solution to Waste Management, CPCA, Toronto, Canada, pp. 1–12 (1992).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Colella, C. (1999). Environmental Applications of Natural Zeolitic Materials Based on Their Ion Exchange Properties. In: Misaelides, P., Macášek, F., Pinnavaia, T.J., Colella, C. (eds) Natural Microporous Materials in Environmental Technology. NATO Science Series, vol 362. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4499-5_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4499-5_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-5889-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4499-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive