Abstract
In Japan, environmental standards for contaminants in groundwater and in leachate from soil are set with the assumption that they are used for drinking water over a human lifetime. Where there is neither a well nor groundwater used for drinking, the standard is thus too severe. Therefore, remediation based on these standards incurs excessive effort and cost. In contrast, the environmental assessment procedure used in the USA and the Netherlands considers the site conditions (land use, existing wells, etc.); however, a risk assessment is required for each site. This chapter shows a framework for validating contamination by considering the merits of the environmental standards used and a method for risk assessment. The framework involves setting risk-based concentrations (RBCs), which are attainable remediation goals for contaminants in soil and groundwater. The framework was then applied to a model contaminated site for risk management. RBCs of Cr(VI) in a contaminated site were set according to the site conditions. The RBCs of Cr(VI) with/without drinking water in residential area are calculated. Second, an experiment for contaminated soil was introduced by using column equipment. The equipment was designed by applying water permeability test. And then, variation of concentration of the contaminant was simulated using an advection-diffusion model. Simulation by the mathematical model is also useful for monitored natural attenuation or in situ treatment, because the simulation can estimate clean-up time at the contaminated site. Even though the estimated clean-up time is not exact time, the cost of in situ treatment is not expensive. And then land owners can choose the in situ treatment.
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Fu**aga, A. (2016). Risk Evaluation for Remediation Techniques to Metal-Contaminated Soils. In: Hasegawa, H., Rahman, I., Rahman, M. (eds) Environmental Remediation Technologies for Metal-Contaminated Soils. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55759-3_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55759-3_11
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