Abstract
Soon after its first publication in 1946, the novel Life and Times of Alexis Zorba (alias Zorba the Greek) by the Greek writer Nikos Kazantzakis became one of the few works of Modern Greek literature to manifest itself, in David Damrosch’s words, as a »mode of circulation and of reading«. The present paper investigates the novel’s entry into the sphere of ›world literature‹ from the perspective of its circulation by focusing on the incremental relay operations (in Paris, London, and New York) that networked Zorba the Greek semantically and lent, at every step of the trajectory, a specific sociocultural dimension to its public profile. The book’s (relay) translations offer a heuristic opportunity to reassess how Βίος και πολιτεία του Αλέξη Ζορμπά turned into Zorba the Greek and joined Henry Miller’s The Colossus of Maroussi (1941) as a literary guide to contemporary Greece as early as in the late 1940s and early 1950s, well before the famous Hollywood movie adaptation (1964).
This essay is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy in the context of the Cluster of Excellence Temporal Communities: Doing Literature in a Global Perspective—EXC 2020—Project ID 390608380. The author wishes to thank the members of Research Areas 4 and 5 for their valuable comments and Leonidas Karatzas for proofreading the draft of this article with a keen eye.
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Notes
- 1.
Harvey Breit: In and Out of Books, in: New York Times (24 May 1953).
- 2.
Πάνος Καραβίας: Ο Καζαντζάκης στην Αμερική. Η επιτυχία ενός ελληνικού έργου, in: Ελευθερία (21 May 1953); [Anon.]: Life Force à la Grecque, in: Time 61/16 (20 Apr. 1953), 122; Sterling North: Olympian Gift to Women is Greek’s to Literature, in: Washington Post, (5 Oct. 1953). Unless otherwise marked, all translations are my own.
- 3.
David Damrosch: What is World Literature?, Princeton, N. J. 2003, 5.
- 4.
See Θανάσης Αγάθος: Η διαχρονική γοητεία του καζαντζακικού Ζορμπά, in: Νίκος Καζαντζάκης: Βίος και πολιτεία του Αλέξη Ζορμπά, ed. by Νίκος Μαθιουδάκης, Athens 2017, XLIV–XLVI.
- 5.
Νίκη Σταύρου: Σημείωμα εκδότη, in: Καζαντζάκης, Αλέξη Ζορμπά (note 4), VII. Harrison Smith’s prediction that Alexis Zorba »will someday be known as a classic of modern literature« has indeed come to pass: the novel is the only (modern) Greek work to be listed in the »Top 100 books of all time« (The Guardian (8 May 2002)) and featured in series such as »Faber Modern Classics«. Harrison Smith: Attic Mustard, in: Saturday Review (30 May 1953), 16; Nikos Kazantzakis: Zorba the Greek, trans. by Carl Wildman, London 2016; Peter Bien: Introduction: Kazantzakis’ Reputation and World-View, in: id.: Nikos Kazantzakis. Novelist, Bristol 1989, 1–10.
- 6.
See Kazantzakis Publications [Patroclos Stavrou]: Translations of Nikos Kazantzakis’s Work; cited from: https://www.kazantzakispublications.org/files/Translations.pdf [accessed 23 Feb. 2021]; Δημήτρης Δημηρούλης: Ο Καζαντζάκης ενόψει του 21ου αιώνα, in: Νίκος Καζαντζάκης: Το έργο και η πρόσληψή του, ed. by Κώστας Ε. Ψυχογυιός, Heraklion 2006, 295–302.
- 7.
See, for example, Θανάσης Αγάθος: Από το Βίος και πολιτεία του Αλέξη Ζορμπά στο Zorba the Greek, Athens 2007.
- 8.
See, for example, Wook-Dong Kim: Kazantzakis’s Zorba the Greek. Five Readings, Newcastle upon Tyne 2019.
- 9.
Damrosch (note 3), 6.
- 10.
Wai Chee Dimock: Epic Relays. C. L. R. James, Herman Melville, Frank Stella, in: The Comparatist 38 (2014), 148–157, here: 148.
- 11.
See Ben Petre: The Misadventures of Kazantzakis’s Kapetan Michalis in Translation, in: Journal of Modern Greek Studies 28/1 (2010), 241–262.
- 12.
See Hanna Pięta: Theoretical, Methodological and Terminological Issues in Researching Indirect Translation. A Critical Annotated Bibliography, in: Translation Studies 10/2 (2017), 198–216.
- 13.
Cay Dollerup: Relay and Support Translations, in: Andrew Chesterman, Natividad Gallardo San Salvador, Yves Gambier (eds.): Translation in Context. Selected Contributions from the EST Congress, Amsterdam 2000, 17–26; Cay Dollerup: Relay in Translation, in: Diana Yankova (ed.): Cross-Linguistic Interaction. Translation, Contrastive and Cognitive Studies, Sofia 2014, 21–32.
- 14.
See Nikos Kazantzaki: Alexis Zorba ou le Rivage de Crète, trans. by Yvonne Gauthier, Paris 1947; Niko Kazantzakis: Spela för mig, Zorbas, trans. by Börje Knös, Stockholm 1949; Nikos Kazantzakis: Alexis Sorbas. Abenteuer auf Kreta, trans. by Alexander Steinmetz, Braunschweig 1952. In all likelihood, the Serbo-Croatian edition also constitutes a direct translation: Nikos Kazantzakis: Doživljaji Aleksisa Zorbasa, trans. by Ton Smerdel, Zagreb 1955.
- 15.
This overview is the result of crosschecking all related bibliographic data in multiple library catalogs and the corresponding translators’ profiles. The catalog compiled by Kazantzakis Publications (note 6) served as my starting point.
- 16.
Kazantzakis to Kazantzaki, 20 June 1946, in: Nikos Kazantzakis: The Selected Letters of Nikos Kazantzakis, ed. and trans. by Peter Bien, Princeton, N. J. 2012, 619.
- 17.
See Kazantzakis to Cleridou, 15 August 1946, in: Selected Letters (note 16), 626.
- 18.
Kazantzakis to Knös, 9 September 1946, in: Νίκος Μαθιουδάκης: Επτά αδημοσίευτες επιστολές του Καζαντζάκη προς τον Knös, in: Φρέαρ 10 (2015), 18, henceforth referred to as Seven Letters.
- 19.
Kazantzakis to Knös, 14 June 1947, in: Selected Letters (note 16), 646.
- 20.
Kazantzakis to Knös, 4 February 1947, in: Seven Letters (note 18), 22.
- 21.
Kazantzakis to Knös, 24 January 1947, in: Seven Letters (note 18), 21. Rebecca L. Walkowitz: Born Translated. The Contemporary Novel in an Age of World Literature, New York 2015.
- 22.
See Kazantzakis to Prevelakis, 28 June 1947, in: Selected Letters (note 16), 647.
- 23.
See Kazantzakis to Knös, 2 February 1948 and Kazantzakis to Kastanakis, 27 December 1948, in: Selected Letters (note 16), 658 and 675.
- 24.
»Zorba is a triumph for the Parisians—how, I can’t understand. So far, he’s been taken in England, America, Sweden, and Czechoslovakia. An amazing man, to keep traveling and passing the time even after death.« Kazantzakis to Prevelakis, 20 June 1948, in: Selected Letters (note 16), 666–667.
- 25.
Kazantzakis to Prevelakis, 6 December 1948, in: Selected Letters (note 16), 674–675.
- 26.
See Kazantzakis to Prevelakis, 6 May 1947, in: Νίκος Καζαντζάκης:Τετρακόσια γράμματα του Καζαντζάκη στον Πρεβελάκη, ed. by Παντελής Πρεβελάκης, 2nd ed., Athens 1984, 569, henceforth referred to as 400 Letters.
- 27.
See Kazantzakis to Prevelakis, 7 August 1947, in: Selected Letters (note 16), 649.
- 28.
Kazantzakis to Prevelakis, 29 May 1947, in: 400 Letters (note 26), 571.
- 29.
»As Roderick Beaton and Dimitris Tziovas have shown, Wildman had in many ways ›adapted‹ the text in order to make it acceptable to the reading audiences of the global Anglophone book market. Wildman obviously based his text on the French translation, omitted important passages, censored others, rephrased whole paragraphs or finally totally disregarded the ›philosophical‹ frame that keeps the narrative together.« Vrasidas Karalis: The New Translation of Nikos Kazantzakis’ Zorba the Greek, in: Neos Kosmos (28 Mar. 2015). See also Susan Matthias: Restoring the Prologue to the English Edition of Βίος και πολιτεία του Αλέξη Ζορμπά (alias Zorba the Greek). Recreating a Work in Progress, in: Journal of Modern Greek Studies 16/2 (1998), 221–240.
- 30.
See Kazantzakis to Prevelakis, 6 February 1948, in: Selected Letters (note 16), 660.
- 31.
See Michael Llewellyn-Smith: Steven Runciman at the British Council. Letters from Athens. 1945–1947, in: Peter Mackridge, David Ricks (eds.): The British Council and Anglo-Greek Literary Interactions. 1945–1955, Abingdon/New York 2018, 75.
- 32.
Helen Kazantzakis: Nikos Kazantzakis. A Biography Based on His Letters, trans. by Amy Mims, New York 1968, 448. One of the key texts that testify to the »new philhellenism which has grown up during and since the war« is Spender’s review of Rex Warner’s guide to Eternal Greece (with 90 pictures by Martin Hürlimann, 1953): »The recent movement originates perhaps from some remarkable British officers dropped into or landed in Greece during the war, and from the impression made, about the same time, by Greek writers—notably Demetrios Capetanakis and Georges Seferis—who spent some time in London during and after the war. The list of the new philhellenes is impressively long: Rex Warner, Louis MacNeice, Patrick Leigh Fermor, Osbert Lancaster, Lawrence Durrell, Robert Liddell, Steven Runciman, Francis King, Bernard Spencer, and John Craxton are a few of them. All these approach Greece through poets like Seferis, Sikelianos, and Elytis, painters like Ghika and Tsarouchis. In common with the American writer Henry Miller, they think of Katsimbalis (hero of Miller’s Colossus of Maroussi) as their Virgilian guide to modern Athens.« Stephen Spender: Brilliant Athens and Us, in: Encounter 2/1 (1954), 77–78.
- 33.
See Nikos Kazantzaki: Zorba the Greek, trans. by Carl Wildman, London 1952. Zorba the Greek was well received by Australian newspapers such as The Advertiser in Adelaide ([Anon.]: A Wayward Personality (20 Dec. 1952)), The Sunday Herald in Sydney (Louis Victor Kepert: A Sparkling Novel of a Wandering Rogue (4 Jan. 1953)), and The Age in Melbourne (D. B.: Some Recent Novels (5 Dec. 1953)).
- 34.
In Lehmann’s publication catalogue we find the following profile-building publications which involve all protagonists attracted to this line of bilateral work. See Demetrios Capetanakis: A Greek Poet in England, ed. by John Lehmann, London 1947; George Seferis: The King of Asine, and Other Poems, trans. by Bernard Spencer, Nanos Valaoritis, Lawrence Durrell, London 1948; Rex Warner: Views of Attica and Its Surroundings, London 1950; John Lehmann (ed.): Pleasures of New Writing. An Anthology of Poems, Stories and Other Prose Pieces from the Pages of New Writing, London 1952, including poems by Demetrios Capetanakis, Odysseus Elytis, and Angelos Sikelianos.
- 35.
See John Lehmann: The Ample Proposition. Autobiography III, London 1966, 60, 58.
- 36.
Kazantzakis to Schuster, 8 November 1952, in: Selected Letters (note 16), 736.
- 37.
From a methodological point of view, Michel Espagne proposes to analyze the functioning of such global gateways as hubs of cultural transfer by making the interactions that take place there more explicit: »Toutefois, s’il est facile de reconnaître des lieux où se rencontrent de nombreux espaces culturels, des lieux qu’on pourrait considérer, en utilisant un néologisme, comme des ›portails de globalisation‹, la description ne peut s’opérer que sur des rencontres d’un nombre réduit de termes. La représentation de croisements généralisés reste inopérante.« Michel Espagne: La notion de transfert culturel, in: Revue Sciences/Lettres 1 (2013), para. 6; https://doi.org/10.4000/rsl.219.
- 38.
»Object and subject might exist, but everything interesting happens upstream and downstream. Just follow the flow. Yes, follow the actors themselves or rather that which makes them act, namely the circulating entities.« Bruno Latour: Reassembling the Social. An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory, Oxford 2005, 237.
- 39.
»Carrying this book under his arm, Nikos presented himself at the Hotel Carlton. ›Excuse me for a moment,‹ Mr. Schuster said. ›I must go upstairs to look for something.‹ He took a very long time to come back. When he did come down, he was grinning from ear to ear. At the table, he hardly noticed what he was putting into his mouth. When he wasn’t reading himself, he asked his wife to read some passage from Zorba, or to annotate some page of the book.« Kazantzakis, Nikos Kazantzakis (note 32), 514–515.
- 40.
See Kazantzakis to Knös, 9 September 1952, in: Selected Letters (note 16), 733.
- 41.
Kazantzakis to Schuster, 8 November 1952, in: Selected Letters (note 16), 737.
- 42.
See Hans-Ulrich Seifert: Max Tau et Nikos Kazantzaki. Une correspondance oubliée, in: Le Regard Crétois 44 (2017), 41–53; Bart Soethaert: Der Brückenbauer Max Tau. 1897–1976. Ein europäisches Netzwerk für Nikos Kazantzakis. 1883–1957, in: Ulrich Moennig, Miltos Pechlivanos (eds.): Aktuelle Forschung zur Neogräzistik in Deutschland. 15. Tagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Neogräzistik in Deutschland, 8 & 9 March 2019 (in press).
- 43.
Kazantzaki to Prevelakis, 4 May 1953, in: 400 Letters (note 26), 653.
- 44.
See, for example, [Advertisement]: The London Times pays homage to Zorba, The New York Times (28 Apr. 1953); Pierre Minet: Ειδήσεις, trans. by Παντελής Πρεβελάκης, Νέα Εστία 45/518 (1 Feb. 1949), 196; [Anon.]: Η σουηδική κριτική για δύο βιβλία του Ν. Καζαντζάκη, in: Αγγλοελληνική Επιθεώρηση 5/12 (1952), 470–478. For the agreement with the Eleftheroudakis Bookstore on Syntagma Square in Athens, see Kazantzakis to Prevelakis, 4 October 1953, in: 400 Letters (note 26), 658.
- 45.
Kazantzakis to Hourmouzios, 1 October 1952, in: Selected Letters (note 16), 734.
- 46.
According to Panos Sgoureas, big stacks of books were left unbound in Dimitrakos’s warehouses until the late 1940s, suggesting that distribution in Athens was rather sluggish. In his somewhat belated review of Alexis Zorba, the critic Yannis Hatzinis admitted that it had been the French success that sparked his interest in Kazantzakis’s novel. See Πάνος Σγουρέας: Η γνωριμία με τον Καζαντζάκη και το Ζορμπά του, in: Γιώργος Στασινάκης: Καζαντζάκης—Ζορμπάς. Μια αληθινή φιλία, Athens 2017, 87; Γιάννης Χατζίνης: Ν. Καζαντζάκη Βίος και πολιτεία του Αλέξη Ζορμπά, in: Νέα Εστία 44/507 (15 Aug. 1948), 1052–1054. As Kazantzakis’s correspondence with Prevelakis (1950–1953) shows, an agreement could not be reached with Spyros Theodoropoulos from Aetos Publishing about the second edition of Alexis Zorba. Plans for the publication by Kollaros Publishing also did not proceed, and Dimitrakos finally issued the second edition, not without difficulties, on 10 June 1954, that is, almost simultaneously with the second edition in France: »The book cover for Zorba is horrible, but the text edition is good. Zorba won the prize for the best foreign book: this is of moral importance, and the novel received a lot of positive feedback in France, too.« Kazantzakis to Prevelakis, 4 July 1954, in: 400 Letters (note 26), 672. One year later, in 1955, Yannis Goudelis released the third edition of Alexis Zorba as part of his agreement with Kazantzakis to publish the Collected Works. Difros Publishing only managed to realize a part of this ambitious publication project in the years 1954 to 1958. After Kazantzakis’s death in 1957, his wife Eleni Kazantzaki took custody of his literary legacy and, in 1964, founded the publishing house that bears her name.
- 47.
»Of the three Paris publishers who had asked for Zorba, as though intentionally, we chose the least solid, the one that would go bankrupt the very same day the book appeared. The few extremely laudatory criticisms appearing in the newspapers were of no avail to us. And the book remained sequestered in the publisher’s basement. At a later point, when Plon wanted to buy up this first edition, we discovered that it had been sold clandestinely, without the author’s knowledge.« Kazantzakis, Nikos Kazantzakis (note 32), 470.
- 48.
Kazantzakis’s appearances on French television (RTF) culminated in 1957, when Jules Dassin’s cinematic adaptation of the novel Christ recrucified (Celui qui doit mourir) premiered at the 10th Cannes Film Festival (2–17 May) and the Plon publishing house conducted ten-day festivities (including at the Sorbonne on 21 May 1957) to celebrate the publication of the novel Saint Francis as the two hundredth volume in the ›Feux Croisés‹ series. See Nikos Kazantzaki, Pierre Sipriot: Entretiens, Monaco 1990; Max-Pol Fouchet: Nikos Kazantzakis, in: Lectures pour tous (RTF, 22 May 1957); cited from: https://www.ina.fr/video/I08074629/ [accessed 23 Feb. 2021].
- 49.
Kazantzakis looped the critical acclaim in the French press (first the review from the weekly Arts, then Marcel Brion’s review for Le Monde) back to the Greek newspapers, where the reviews were reprinted in translation—a circulatory arrangement he resorted to repeatedly to set a benevolent tone for the reception of his work in Greece. See [Anon.]: Οι Γάλλοι δια τα έργα του Καζαντζάκη, in: Ελευθερία (20 June 1954); [Anon.]: Ενθουσιώδης κριτική του Μαρσέλ Μπριόν δια τον Έλληνα συγγραφέα Καζαντζάκην, in: Το Βήμα (28 Dec. 1954).
- 50.
Kazantzakis to Knös, 21 June 1954, in: Selected Letters (note 16), 768.
- 51.
No less than three relay translations appeared in 1954 (in Argentina, Finland, and Denmark), followed by editions in Italy (1955), the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia (1955), the Netherlands (1958), Israel (1958), and Portugal (1959). Limited to the 1950s, this list also omits the multiple licensed editions (e.g., Mexico, 1955), which further amplified the range and intensity of the novel’s manifestations in translation.
- 52.
See Erato Basea: Zorba the Greek, Sixties Exotica and a New Cinema in Hollywood and Greece, in: Studies in European Cinema 12/1 (2015), 60–76.
- 53.
Gail Holst-Warhaft: Song, Self-Identity, and the Neohellenic, in: Journal of Modern Greek Studies 15/2 (1997), 233–234.
- 54.
See Δημήτρης Παπανικολάου: Ο Κακογιάννης, ο Ζορμπάς και ο Έλληνας, in: The Books’ Journal 11 (2011), 58–61.
- 55.
Patrick Anderson: Dolphin Days. A Writer’s Notebook of Mediterranean Pleasures, London 1963, 31–32.
- 56.
Ibid., 10 and 110. See also Patrick Anderson: First Steps in Greece, London 1958.
- 57.
»Write if you can on your last shell/The day the name the land/And fling it in the sea that it may sink.« Anderson apparently quotes from: Seferis (note 34).
- 58.
Edmund Keeley: Inventing Paradise. The Greek Journey. 1937–47, New York 1999.
- 59.
Lawrence Durrell reflected on the impact of his work in a letter from 1946 to his editor and fellow poet, Anne Ridler: »I’m afraid we’ve had a bad influence Henry and I’s [sic!] books about Greece. It is becoming a cult. In the last few weeks the number of poets who are compiling anthologies called Salute to Greece has risen.« Lawrence Durrell: Spirit of Place. Letters and Essays on Travel, ed. by Alan G. Thomas, New York 1969, 84.
- 60.
Henry Miller: The Colossus of Maroussi, New York 1941, 210–211.
- 61.
Anderson, Dolphin Days (note 55), 32, 110–111.
- 62.
David E. Roessel: In Byron’s Shadow. Modern Greece in the English & American Imagination, Oxford 2001, 269.
- 63.
See Ευριπίδης Γαραντούδης: Zorba the Greek του Μιχάλη Κακογιάννη και Βίος και πολιτεία του Αλέξη Ζορμπά του Νίκου Καζαντζάκη: μια σύγκριση υπό την σκιά της πρόσληψης του καζαντζακικού έργου, in: Νίκος Καζαντζάκης. Παραμορφώσεις, παραλείψεις, μυθοποιήσεις, Athens 2011, 81–114.
- 64.
See Jean Desternes: Grèce. Kazantzaki nous parle de Bergson et d’Istrati, in: Les Nouvelles Littéraires 1068 (13 Feb. 1948), 5.
- 65.
R[enaud] de J[ouvenel]: À travers les rayons, in: Les Lettres Françaises 198 (4 Mar. 1948), 4.
- 66.
See Kazantzakis to Knös, 9 September 1946, in: Seven Letters (note 18), 18.
- 67.
Maurice Nadeau: Le nouveau mythe grec, in: Combat, 21 May 1948.
- 68.
Ibid. [emphasis B. S.].
- 69.
Kazantzakis to Nadeau, 23 May 1948, in: Librairie Faustroll: Bibliothèque Maurice Nadeau. Catalogue Complémentaire, Paris 2020, 56; cited from: https://librairie-faustroll.com/img/cms/Catalogue%20Nadeau%202020%20Version%20Finale%20LD.pdf [accessed 23 Feb. 2021, emphasis B. S.]. In his letter to Nadeau (10 June 1948), Miller thanked his friend for the joint review and signaled that »le Colosse« Katsimbalis (probably in 1939) had told him about Kazantzakis as the author of the modern sequel to the Odyssey (1938): »Je prends cette occasion de vous remercier pour vos paroles (Combat) à propos le Colosse de Maroussi. Un privilège pour moi d’être co-jugé avec Kazantzakis—un très grand écrivain grec. Dommage que nous ne pouvons lire son Odysseus! Le Colosse m’avait dit maintes fois que c’est cent fois mieux que le vieux Homère.« Henry Miller: Lettres à Maurice Nadeau. 1947–1978, ed. by Sophie Bogaert, trans. by Marie-Odile Fortier-Masek, Paris 2012, 37.
- 70.
See Elisabeth Ladenson: Dirt for Art’s Sake. Books on Trial from Madame Bovary to Lolita, Ithaca, N. Y. 2007, 179.
- 71.
Kazantzakis to Kastanakis, 23 August 1947, in: Selected Letters (note 16), 650.
- 72.
Kazantzakis to Kakridis, 15 July 1950, in: Selected Letters (note 16), 699.
- 73.
Lehmann, The Ample Proposition (note 35), 170.
- 74.
See American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Gennadius Library Archives, Demetrios Capetanakis Papers, Series II: Manuscripts (miscellaneous), Folder 3, no. 12: H. Miller, The Colossus of Maroussi. Book report for J. L.
- 75.
Ian Scott-Kilvert was a British editor and translator who worked for the British Council in Athens. In 1949, he responded to an article by Lawrence Durrell, tellingly entitled »Hellene and Philhellene« (TLS (13 May 1949) 305) with an open letter to the Editor of the Times Literary Supplement (TLS (3 June 1949) 365) in order to correct what he referred to as »several very swee** generalizations both literary and historical« that Durrell had put forth in his attempt to shift the focus from romantic Philhellenism (the »Philhellene of yesterday«) to the new fascination with contemporary Greece and its literature (the »Philhellene of today«). Scott-Kilvert’s article ›Hellenic Revival‹, published that same month in United Nations United, cemented his commitment as an advocate of the new philhellenism. See Dimitris Tziovas: Between Propaganda and Modernism. The Anglo-Greek Review and the Rediscovery of Greece, in: Peter Mackridge, David Ricks (eds.): The British Council and Anglo-Greek Literary Interactions. 1945–1955, Abingdon/New York 2018, 142.
- 76.
Lehmann, The Ample Proposition (note 35), 170.
- 77.
Ian Scott-Kilvert: Introduction, in: Zorba the Greek (note 33), v–vii [emphasis B. S.].
- 78.
See Lehmann, The Ample Proposition (note 35), 58. See also John Lehmann: Aegean Weather. Impressions of Greece Today, in: Time and Tide 18/1 (18 Jan. 1947), 70–71; John Lehmann: The Open Night, London 1952.
- 79.
Xan Fielding: The Eternal Hellene. Zorba the Greek, in: The Observer (21 Sept. 1952); [Anon.]: Greek Fire, in: The Times Literary Supplement (3 Oct. 1952).
- 80.
[Anon.], Life Force à la Grecque (note 2), 122.
- 81.
See, for example, the advertisement placed by Simon and Schuster in The New York Times (21 Apr. 1953); cited from: https://search.proquest.com/docview/112816299 [accessed 23 Feb. 2021].
- 82.
[Anon.], Life Force à la Grecque (note 2), 122.
- 83.
Breit (note 1).
- 84.
Kazantzaki/Sipriot (note 48), 23–24.
- 85.
See Δημήτρης Παπανικολάου: Οι μεταμορφώσεις του Ζορμπά, in: Νίκος Καζαντζάκης: το έργο και η πρόσληψή του, ed. by Κώστας Ε. Ψυχογυιός, Heraklion 2006, 91–108.
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Soethaert, B. (2023). Relay Effects. Circuit Switches and Profile-Building in the Case of Zorba the Greek (1946–1964). In: Gamper, M., Müller-Tamm, J., Wachter, D., Wrobel, J. (eds) Der Wert der literarischen Zirkulation / The Value of Literary Circulation. Globalisierte Literaturen. Theorie und Geschichte transnationaler Buchkultur / Globalized Literatures. Theory and History of Transnational Book Culture, vol 3. J.B. Metzler, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65544-3_19
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