Abstract
This chapter approaches inter-species translation through the dual disciplinary lens of world literature and Anthropocene discourse. Both fields are relevant because of their distinctive concern with spatial and temporal knowledge production. The first part of the chapter reflects on the importance of multiscalar complexity in debates about the Anthropocene. The second part engages more specifically with nonhuman animals and with literary practices of interspecies translation. The final part explores methodological similarities between the environmental humanities, the study of work literature, and fictional-world theory. Focusing on the vulnerability and value of human and non-human life on a warming planet, the chapter suggests that the climate emergency must be understood as a dynamic opening: an invitation to re-think categories of place and space, not in terms of eschatological closure, but as a state of protracted uncertainty that necessitates mediation, translation, and new political and epistemic modes.
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Notes
- 1.
Timothy Clark, The Value of Ecocriticism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 38.
- 2.
Jeremy Davies, The Birth of the Anthropocene (Oakland, California: University of California Press, 2016), 76.
- 3.
See Edward O. Wilson, The Future of Life (New York: Knopf, 2004); Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History (New York: Henry Holt), 167.
- 4.
Thom van Dooren, Flight Ways: Life and Loss at the Edge of Extinction (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014), 12.
- 5.
Ursula K. Heise, Imagining Extinction: The Cultural Meaning of Endangered Species (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 49.
- 6.
See, for instance, the ongoing discussions prompted by Rob Nixon, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 2011) and by Jason W. Moore (ed.), Anthropocene of Capitalocene? Nature, History and the Crisis of Capitalism (Oakland, California: PM Press, 2016). See also Kathryn Yusoff, A Billion Black Anthropocenes or None (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2018).
- 7.
Timothy Clark, Ecocriticism on the Edge: The Anthropocene as a Threshold Concept (London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2015), 22.
- 8.
Andreas Malm, The Progress of the Storm: Nature and Society in a Warming World (London and New York: Verso, 2018), 11.
- 9.
Timothy Morton, Being Ecological (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2018), xxxiii.
- 10.
Clark, Value of Ecocriticism, 51. Clark paraphrases the editorial introduction, “Telling Extinction Stories”, in Extinction Studies: Stories of Time, Death, and Generations, ed. by Deborah Bird Rose, Thom van Dooren and Matthew Chrulew (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017), 9–10.
- 11.
Michael Cronin, Eco-Translation: Translation and Ecology in the Age of the Anthropocene (New York and London: Routledge, 2017).
- 12.
Ibid., 13.
- 13.
- 14.
Cronin, Eco-Translation, 77.
- 15.
Ibid., 12.
- 16.
Lynn Keller coins the phrase “self-conscious Anthropocene” to provide a term, distinct from the label for the geological era, for the cultural and political debate since the turn of the millennium. See Lynn Keller, Recomposing Ecopoetics: North American Poetry of the Self-Conscious Anthropocene (Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2017).
- 17.
Eric Hayot, On Literary Worlds (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 19.
- 18.
For a summary of the debate, see Theo D’haen, The Routledge Concise History of World Literature (New York and London: Routledge, 2011); Theo D’haen, David Damrosch and Djelal Kadir (eds), The Routledge Companion to World Literature (London and New York: Routledge, 2012); Susan Bassnett (ed.), Translation and World Literature (London and New York: Routledge, 2017).
- 19.
Pheng Cheah, What is a World? On Postcolonial Literature as World Literature (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2016), 23.
- 20.
Sanja Bahun, “The Politics of World Literature”, in Theo D’haen et al. (eds), Routledge Companion to World Literature, pp. 373–382 (373).
- 21.
See Christophe Bonneuil and Jean-Baptiste Fressoz, The Shock of the Anthropocene, translated by David Fernbach (London and New York: Verso: 2015); J.R. Mcneill and Peter Engelke, The Great Acceleration: An Environmental History of the Anthropocene since 1945, (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 2016).
- 22.
See Paul J. Crutzen and Eugene F. Stoermer, “The Anthropocene”, Global Change Newsletter, 41 (2000), 17–18. For an overview of recent trends in the environmental humanities, see Elizabeth DeLoughrey, Jill Didur and Anthony Carrigan (eds), Global Ecologies and the Environmental Humanities: Postcolonial Approaches (New York and London: Routledge, 2015); Ursula K. Heise, Jon Christensen and Michelle Niemann (eds), The Routledge Companion to the Environmental Humanities (London and New York: Routledge, 2017); Robert S. Emmett and David E. Nye, The Environmental Humanities: A Critical Introduction (Cambridge, MA., and London: MIT Press, 2017).
- 23.
Jussi Parikka, “Anthropocene”, in Rosi Braidotti and Maria Hlavajova (eds), Posthuman Glossary (London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2018), 52.
- 24.
See Adam Trexler, Anthropocene Fictions: The Novel in a Time of Climate Change (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2015). For an interesting recent example, see Amitav Gosh, Gun Island (London: John Murray, 2019).
- 25.
Amitav Gosh, The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 9.
- 26.
- 27.
Cheah, What is a World?, 13.
- 28.
Apter, Against World Literature, 3.
- 29.
“Introduction”, in Ben Etherington and Jarad Zimbler (eds), The Cambridge Companion to World Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 4.
- 30.
- 31.
Etherington and Zimbler, “Introduction”, 4.
- 32.
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Death of a Discipline (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003).
- 33.
Apter, Against World Literature, p. 177.
- 34.
Spivak, Death of a Discipline, p. 15. Christopher Prendergast’s response to Casanova further highlights the methodological limits of a comparative practice that foregrounds the national: “It is not that the national-competitive model is irrelevant; on the contrary, it can be made to do much useful work. In particular, it should be stressed that, unlike many of her precursors who deploy the competitive view, Casanova sees that, if the latter has any grip at all, it is at the level of the national, given that nation-state relations really do unfold historically as a field of rivalry. It is simply that in her hands it is made to do all the work, accorded such grand explanatory powers that it is effectively posited as capable of accounting for everything” (Christopher Prendergast, “Introduction”, in Debating World Literature (London and New York: Verso, 2004), p. 11; author’s italics).
- 35.
See Peter Barry and William Welstead (eds), Extending Ecocriticism: Crisis, Collaboration and Challenges in the Environmental Humanities (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).
- 36.
Elizabeth M. DeLoughrey, Allegories of the Anthropocene (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2019), 2.
- 37.
Ibid., 7.
- 38.
See especially Ursula K. Heise, Sense of Place and Sense of Planet: The Environmental Imagination of the Global (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008); Imagining Extinction; “Comparative Literature and the environmental humanities”, in Ursula K. Heise (ed.), Futures of Comparative Literature: ACLA State of the Discipline Report (London and New York: Routledge, 2017), 293–301.
- 39.
- 40.
Ursula K. Heise, “Introduction”, in Heise, Futures of Comparative Literature, pp. 1–8 (6–7).
- 41.
David Farrier, Anthropocene Poetics: Deep Time, Sacrifice Zones, and Extinction (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 2019).
- 42.
See Donna J. Haraway, Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2016).
- 43.
Donna J. Haraway, When Species Meet (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), 21.
- 44.
Farrier, Anthropocene Poetics, 89, author’s italics.
- 45.
Deborah Bird Rose, Wild Dog Dreaming: Love and Extinction (Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2011).
- 46.
Farrier, Anthropocene Poetics, 90–91.
- 47.
Ibid., 92.
- 48.
Ibid. 121.
- 49.
Some of the discussion of Thomas Nagel that follows has been adapted from my contribution to Jennifer Burns and Derek Duncan (eds), Transnational Modern Languages: A Handbook (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2020).
- 50.
Thomas Nagel, “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?”, The Philosophical Review, 83:4 (1974), 435–450: 439; now in Mortal Questions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 179).
- 51.
Ibid.
- 52.
Jan Fabre, A Consilience, video, 2000; Mark Wallinger, Sleeper, Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, performance, 14–22 October 2004; Marcus Coates, Journey to the Lower World, video, 2004; Edwina Ashton, Bat, video, 2005. For further discussion of some of these works, see Steve Baker, The Postmodern Animal (London: Reaktion Books, 2000); Artist/Animal (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 2013).
- 53.
Ron Broglio, Surface Encounters: Thinking with Animals and Art (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 2011), xx and xxiii.
- 54.
Ibid., 18.
- 55.
Broglio, Surface Encounters, xxii.
- 56.
Nagel, “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?”, 439.
- 57.
On ecological pronouns, see Timothy Morton, Humankind: Solidarity with Nonhuman People (London and New York: Verso, 2017), 3–4.
- 58.
Nagel, “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?”, 438.
- 59.
Vicki Hearn, Adam’s Task: Calling Animals by Name (New York: Random House, 1987), 223. Consider also Frans de Waal’s definition of “athropodenial”, i.e. the refusal to acknowledge meaningful similarities between nonhuman and human animals: Frans de Waal, Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), 59–68.
- 60.
Paul Waldau, Animal Studies: An Introduction (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 4.
- 61.
See, for example, Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer (eds), The Great Ape Project (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1993).
- 62.
Kari Weil, Thinking Animals: Why Animal Studies Now? (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 23.
- 63.
Les Murray, “Bat’s Ultrasound” (1992) in Collected Poems (Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1998), 368; author’s italics. The poem is also available at http://www.lesmurray.org, consulted on 9 April 2019. I am grateful to Gillian Beer, who first introduced me to this poem.
- 64.
J.M. Coetzee, The Lives of Animals, ed. and introduction by Amy Gutman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999). A revised version, without footnotes, was reprinted in Elizabeth Costello: Eight Lessons (London: Secker and Warburg, 2003).
- 65.
Coetzee, Elizabeth Costello, 80.
- 66.
Ibid., 77–78.
- 67.
Jacques Derrida, The Animal That Therefore I Am, English translation by David Wills (New York: Fordham University Press, 2008).
- 68.
Aaron Gross, The Question of the Animal and Religion: Theoretical Stakes, Practical Implications (New York: Columbia University Press, 2015), 187–88.
- 69.
See especially Kelly Oliver, Animal Lessons: How They Teach Us to be Human (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009); Cary Wolfe, What is Posthumanism? (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 2010); Before the Law: Humans and other Animals in a Biopolitical Frame (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2013). For a summary of the debate, see Susan McHugh and Garry Marvin (eds), Human-Animal Studies, 4 vols, (London and New York: Routledge, 2018).
- 70.
Cora Diamond, “The Difficulty of Reality and the Difficulty of Philosophy”, Partial Answers, 1:2 (2003), 1–26.
- 71.
Ian Hacking, “Deflections” in Stanley Cavell, Cora Diamond et al., Philosophy and Animal Life (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 139–172: 144.
- 72.
Akira Mizuta Lippit, Electric Animal: Toward a Rhetoric of Wildlife (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), 2–3.
- 73.
I address this question in Florian Mussgnug, “Species at War? The Animal and the Anthropocene”, Paragraph, 42:1 (2019), 116–130.
- 74.
Cronin, The Expanding World, 25–26.
- 75.
Tim Ingold, The Perception of the Environment: Essays in Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill (London and New York: Routledge, 2000), 211.
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Mussgnug, F. (2022). Translating Endangered Nonhuman Worlds. In: Tihanov, G. (eds) Universal Localities. Schriften zur Weltliteratur/Studies on World Literature, vol 13. J.B. Metzler, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62332-9_8
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