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Thermonuclear X-ray Bursts

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Timing Neutron Stars: Pulsations, Oscillations and Explosions

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 461))

Abstract

Type-I X-ray bursts arise from unstable thermonuclear burning of accreted fuel on the surface of neutron stars. In this chapter we review the fundamental physics of the burning processes, and summarise the observational, numerical, and nuclear experimental progress over the preceding decade. We describe the current understanding of the conditions that lead to burst ignition, and the influence of the burst fuel on the observational characteristics. We provide an overview of the processes which shape the burst X-ray spectrum, including the observationally elusive discrete spectral features. We report on the studies of timing behaviour related to nuclear burning, including burst oscillations and mHz quasi-periodic oscillations. We describe the increasing role of nuclear experimental physics in the interpretation of astrophysical data and models. We survey the simulation projects that have taken place to date, and chart the increasing dialogue between modellers, observers, and nuclear experimentalists. Finally, we identify some open problems with prospects of a resolution within the timescale of the next such review.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    http://burst.sci.monash.edu/sources.

  2. 2.

    Multi-zone models find carbon burning to be stable in hot envelopes, depending on \(\dot {M}\) [94].

  3. 3.

    http://burst.sci.monash.edu/minbar.

  4. 4.

    For example, the one-zone helium ignition model available at https://github.com/andrewcumming/onezone.

  5. 5.

    Irregular bursting behaviour in early multi-zone models may have been an artefact of their reduced nuclear reaction networks [181, 200], as this behaviour is absent in later work with large networks [201].

  6. 6.

    Emission from only part of the surface has been inferred for the 1999 superburst from 4U 1820−30 [17]. This study ignored, however, disk reflection [9], which complicates the interpretation of superburst spectra [101, 102, 104].

  7. 7.

    https://groups.nscl.msu.edu/**a/reaclib/db.

  8. 8.

    http://**aweb.org.

  9. 9.

    http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/2017/nasa-neutron-star-mission-begins-science-operations.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for helpful comments from Y. Cavecchi, M.C. Miller, and H. Schatz. This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY-1430152 (JINA Center for the Evolution of the Elements). The authors are grateful for support received as part of the International Team on Nuclear Reactions in Superdense Matter by the International Space Science Institute in Bern, Switzerland.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia

    Duncan K. Galloway

  2. CRESST and X-ray Astrophysics Laboratory NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA

    Laurens Keek

  3. Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

    Laurens Keek

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  1. Duncan K. Galloway
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Correspondence to Duncan K. Galloway .

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  1. INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate, Italy

    Tomaso M. Belloni

  2. Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Mariano Méndez

  3. National Astronomical Observatories and The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bei**g, China

    Chengmin Zhang

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Galloway, D.K., Keek, L. (2021). Thermonuclear X-ray Bursts. In: Belloni, T.M., Méndez, M., Zhang, C. (eds) Timing Neutron Stars: Pulsations, Oscillations and Explosions. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 461. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62110-3_5

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