Chalkogene: Elemente der sechsten Hauptgruppe

Sicius, Hermann

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-55944-4_6-2

Hermann Sicius²

68 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Die Chalkogene sind vielseitige Elemente, die in zahlreichen Oxidationsstufen auftreten können. Ihr Charakter reicht von nichtmetallisch (Sauerstoff) bis metallisch (Polonium und Livermorium). Schwefel ist schon seit einigen tausend Jahren bekannt, Sauerstoff, Selen und Tellur seit etwa 200, Polonium seit gut 100 und Livermorium auch schon seit 15 Jahren. Eine ziemlich „alte“ Elementenfamilie also? Mitnichten. Die Chemie dieser Stoffe ist derart umfangreich, an Anwendungen gibt es dermaßen viele, dass ich hier nur das Wichtigste wiedergeben kann.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

Adloff JP (2003) The centennial of the 1903 Nobel Prize for physics. Radiochim Acta 91:681–688. https://doi.org/10.1524/ract.91.12.681.23428
Article CAS Google Scholar
Adolphi P, Ullrich B (2000) Fixierung und Reaktionsfähigkeit von Schwefel in Braunkohle. In: Proceedings of the XXXII. Kraftwerkstech. Koll., Nutzung schwieriger Brennstoffe in Kraftwerken, Dresden, S 109–116
Google Scholar
Ahrens A et al (2016) Wasser in der Getränkeindustrie. Fachverlag Hans Carl, Nürnberg. ISBN 978-3-418-00912-4
Google Scholar
Allègre C et al (2001) Chemical composition of the Earth and the volatility control on planetary genetics. Earth Planet Sci Lett 185(1–2):49–69
Article Google Scholar
Alsfasser R et al (2007) Moderne Anorganische Chemie, 3. Aufl. De Gruyter, Berlin, S 129–132. ISBN 978-3-11-019060-1
Google Scholar
Andrews FJ, Nolan JP (2006) Critical care in the emergency department: monitoring the critically ill patient. Emerg Med J 23:561–564. https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.2005.029926
Article CAS Google Scholar
Angier R (1936) Firearm blueing and browning. Stackpole Co, Harrisburg
Google Scholar
Archer RD (2001) Inorganic and organometallic polymers. Wiley, New York, S 213. ISBN 978-0-471-24187-4
Book Google Scholar
Ardenis C et al (1989) Reinvestigation of the structure of Tellurium. Acta Cryst C 45:941–942
Article Google Scholar
Armbruster P et al (1985) Attempts to produce superheavy elements by fusion of ⁴⁸Ca with ²⁴⁸Cm in the bombarding energy range of 4.5–5.2 MeV/u. Phys Rev Lett 54(5):406–409. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.406
Article CAS Google Scholar
Arnold MHM (1938) The structure of (SNH)₄ and its derivatives. J Chem Soc Lond:1596–1597. https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9380001596
Arnold MHM et al (1936) The formation and constitution of sulphur nitride and so-called hexasulphamide. J Chem Soc Lond:1645–1649. https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9360001645
Arthur JR et al (1993) Selenium deficiency, thyroid hormone metabolism, and thyroid hormone deiodinases. Am J Clin Nutr 57:236–239
Article Google Scholar
Bagnall KW (1962) The chemistry of polonium. In: Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry. Academic, New York, S 197–230. ISBN 9780120236046
Google Scholar
Bagnall KW et al (1955) The polonium halides. Part I. Polonium chlorides. J Chem Soc:2320. https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9550002320
Barber RC et al (2011) Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113 (IUPAC technical report). Pure Appl Chem 83(7):1485–1498
Article CAS Google Scholar
Baughman RH et al (1977) A new phase of (SN)_x. J Chem Soc Chem Commun:49–50. https://doi.org/10.1039/C39770000049
Baumbach G (1992) Luftreinhaltung, 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, S 385. ISBN 3-540-55078-X
Book Google Scholar
Beck J (1997) Rings, cages and chains – the rich structural chemistry of the polycations of the chalcogens. Coord Chem Rev 163:55–70
Article CAS Google Scholar
Behne D et al (1990) Identification of type I iodothyronine 5′-deiodinase as a selenoenzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 173:1143–1149
Article CAS Google Scholar
Benda K (1975) Müller von Reichenstein Franz Josef Frh. In: Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950, Bd 6. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, S 431. ISBN 3-7001-0128-7
Google Scholar
BioMed Central (2010) Selenium protects men against diabetes, study suggests. Science Daily, Rockville
Google Scholar
Blachnik R (1998) Taschenbuch für Chemiker und Physiker. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, S 704/706/712/720. ISBN 3-642-58842-5
Google Scholar
Bleys J et al (2007) Serum selenium and diabetes in US adults. Diabetes Care 30(4):829–834
Article CAS Google Scholar
Born P et al (1981) Phase relations in the system Se-SeCl₄ and the crystal structure of a metastable modification of SeCl₄. Z Naturf B 36:1516–1519. https://doi.org/10.1515/znb-1981-1206
Article Google Scholar
Bradley AJ (1924) The crystal structure of tellurium. Philos Mag 6(48):477–496
Article Google Scholar
Brauer G (1963) Handbook of preparative inorganic chemistry, Bd 1, 2. Aufl. Academic, New York, S 337–340/344–346/370–372/382–385/415–418/428/432/439/447/450
Google Scholar
Brauer G (1975) Handbuch der Präparativen Anorganischen Chemie, Bd I, 3. Aufl. Enke, Stuttgart, S 176/179/182–187/195/275/364/386/404/416–419/422–423/435/439. ISBN 3-432-02328-6
Google Scholar
Bridgeman AJ, Rothery J (1999) Bonding in mixed halogen and hydrogen peroxides. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans:4077–4082. https://doi.org/10.1039/a904968a
British Geological Survey (2011) World mineral production 2005–2009. Keyworth, Nottingham, S 95
Google Scholar
Bünck M (2014) Gießeigenschaften. In: Spur G et al (Hrsg) Handbuch Spanen. Hanser, München, S 36
Google Scholar
Bundesministerium der Justiz (2005) Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Arzneimitteln (Arzneimittelgesetz – AMG), § 50. Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 12. Dezember 2005 (BGBl. I S. 3394), zuletzt geändert durch Artikel 30 des Gesetzes vom 26. März 2007 (BGBl. I S. 378). zuletzt zugegriffen: 12.05.2008
Google Scholar
Burt FP (1910) A new sulphide of nitrogen. J Chem Soc Trans 97:1171–1174. https://doi.org/10.1039/CT9109701171
Article CAS Google Scholar
Buss B, Krebs B (1971) The crystal structure of tellurium tetrachloride. Inorg Chem 10:2795–2800. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50106a035
Article CAS Google Scholar
Chatt J (1979) Recommendations for the naming of elements of atomic numbers greater than 100. Pure Appl Chem 51(2):381–384. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac197951020381
Article Google Scholar
Clark D (1952) The structure of sulphur nitride. J Chem Soc:1615–1620. https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9520001615
Cubitt AG et al (1987) Some thermodynamic properties of liquid hydrogen sulphide and deuterium sulphide. J Chem Thermodyn 19:703
Article CAS Google Scholar
Curie P, Curie M (1898) Sur une substance nouvelle radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende. C R 127:175–178
Google Scholar
Curie P et al (1898) Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active contenue dans la pechblende. C R 127:1215–1217
CAS Google Scholar
Dalton R (2002) Misconduct: the stars who fell to Earth. Nature 420(6917):728–729. https://doi.org/10.1038/420728a
Article CAS Google Scholar
Dalven R (1973) Recent studies of lead polonide (PbPo). Report. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley
Google Scholar
Davies AM (2003) Treatise on geochemistry, Volume 1, Meteorites, comets, and planets. Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN 0-08-044720-1
Google Scholar
Dehnicke K et al (1994) Synthese und Kristallstruktur einer neuen Modifikation von Tetraselentetranitrid, Se₄N₄. Z Anorg Allg Chem 620(6):1011–1015. https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200610
Article Google Scholar
Demole E et al (1982) 1-p-Menthene-8-thiol: a powerful flavor impact constituent of grapefruit juice. Helv Chem Acta 65:1785–1794
Article CAS Google Scholar
Denbigh KG, Whytlaw-Gray R (1934) The preparation and properties of disulphur decafluoride. J Chem Soc:1346–1352. https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9340001346
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (1993) Empfehlungen zur Sauerstoff-Langzeit-Therapie bei schwerer chronischer Hypoxämie. Pneumologie 74:2–4
Google Scholar
Drozdov AP et al (2015) Conventional superconductivity at 203 kelvin at high pressures in the sulfur hydride system. Nat Lett 525:73–76. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14964
Article CAS Google Scholar
Edwards AJ, Hewaidy FI (1968) Fluoride crystal structures. Part IV. Tellurium tetrafluoride. J Chem Soc A: Inorg Phys Theor:2977. https://doi.org/10.1039/J19680002977
Effenberger H et al (1978) Carlfriesite: crystal structure, revision of chemical formula, and synthesis. Am Mineral 63:847–852
CAS Google Scholar
Ekmekcioglu C (2000) Spurenelemente auf dem Weg ins 21. Jahrhundert – zunehmende Bedeutung von Eisen, Kupfer, Selen und Zink. J Ernährungsmed 2(2):18–23
Google Scholar
Eller PG et al (1998) Reactions of dioxygen difluoride with neptunium oxides and fluorides. J Alloys Compd 269(1–2):63–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(98)00005-X
Article CAS Google Scholar
Emeléus HJ, Sharpe AG (1963) Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry, Bd 4. Academic, Cambridge, MA, S 209–210/213. ISBN 0-08-057853-5
Google Scholar
Faegri K, Saue T (2001) Diatomic molecules between very heavy elements of group 13 and group 17: a study of relativistic effects on bonding. J Chem Phys 115(6):2456. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1385366
Article CAS Google Scholar
Feldhaus FM (1910) Berthold (Erfinder des Schießpulvers). Allg Dt Biogr 55:617–619
Google Scholar
Figurowski N (1981) Die Entdeckung der chemischen Elemente und der Ursprung ihrer Namen. Aulis Deubner, Köln, S 179. ISBN 3-7614-0561-8
Google Scholar
Fischer J, Jaenckner W (1929) Eine neue Fluor-Schwefelverbindung, das Schwefel-4-fluorid (vorläufige Mitteilung). Z Angew Chem 42(31):810–811. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.19290423105
Article CAS Google Scholar
Fordos J-M, Gélis A (1850) Memoire sur le sulfure d’azote. C R 31:702
Google Scholar
Frey R, Mayrhofer O (1955) Lehrbuch der Anaesthesiologie und Wiederbelebung, 2. Aufl. Springer, Heidelberg, S 14. ISBN 3-540-05196-1
Google Scholar
Fricke B (1975) Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties. Rec Impact Phys Inorg Chem 21:89–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0116498
Article CAS Google Scholar
Gardiner DJ, Turner JJ (1972) The raman solution spectrum of tetraoxygen difluoride (O₄F₂). J Fluor Chem 1(3):373–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1139(00)83236-4
Article CAS Google Scholar
Goehring M (1947) Über den Schwefelstickstoff N₄S₄. Chem Ber 80:110–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.19470800204
Article CAS Google Scholar
Goehring M, Ebert J (1955) Ein chemischer Beweis für Mesomerie bei Tetraschwefeltetranitrid. Z Naturforsch B 10:241–244
Article Google Scholar
Goerdeler J et al (2014) Houben-Weyl, methods of organic chemistry, Sulfur, selenium, tellurium compounds, Bd IX, 4. Aufl. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, S 1086. ISBN 3-13-180544-7
Google Scholar
Gottlieb CA et al (1978) Observations of interstellar sulfur monoxide. Astrophys J 219(1):77–94
Article CAS Google Scholar
Greenwood NN, Earnshaw A (1988) Chemie der Elemente, 1. Aufl. VCH, Weinheim, S 775–839. ISBN 3-527-26169-9
Google Scholar
Greenwood NN, Earnshaw A (1997a) Chemical elements, 2. Aufl. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, S 721–725/780. ISBN 0080379419
Google Scholar
Greenwood NN, Earnshaw A (1997b) Chemistry of the elements, 2. Aufl. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, S 117. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8
Google Scholar
Gregory M (1835) Titel unbekannt. Z Pharm 21/22:301/315
Google Scholar
Gümbel W von (1885) Müller von Reichenstein, Franz Joseph. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Bd 22. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig, S 702
Google Scholar
Hagen AP (2009) Inorganic reactions and methods, the formation of bonds to group VIB (O, S, Se, Te, Po) elements. Wiley, New York, S 161. ISBN 0-470-14540-4
Google Scholar
Hasegawa K (2008) Direct measurements of absolute concentration and lifetime of singlet oxygen in the gas phase by electron paramagnetic resonance. Chem Phys Lett 457(4–6):312–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2008.04.031
Article CAS Google Scholar
Heal HG, Ramsay RJ (1975) A new, safe preparation of tetrasulphur dinitride. J Inorg Nucl Chem 37:286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(75)80172-2
Article CAS Google Scholar
Herrmann WA, Zybill CE (2014) Synthetic methods of organometallic and inorganic chemistry, vol. 4: sulfur, selenium and tellurium. Thieme, Stuttgart. ISBN 3131794410
Google Scholar
Hofmann S et al (2012) The reaction ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁸Cm → ²⁹⁶116^* studied at the GSI-SHIP. Eur Phys J A 48(5):62. https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2012-12062-1
Article CAS Google Scholar
Holleman AF, Wiberg E, Wiberg N (1995) Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 101. Aufl. De Gruyter, Berlin, S 397/475/564–565/578/620–621/626/628/632–634. ISBN 3-11-012641-9
Google Scholar
Holleman AF, Wiberg E, Wiberg N (2001) Inorganic chemistry. Academic, San Diego, S 594. ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Google Scholar
Holleman AF, Wiberg E, Wiberg N (2007) Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 102. Aufl. De Gruyter, Berlin, S 497–540/549/552/590/617/620/626–629. ISBN 978-3-11-01017770-1
Book Google Scholar
Holleman AF, Wiberg E, Wiberg N (2017) Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 103. Aufl. De Gruyter, Berlin, S 532/681–532/682. ISBN 3-11-049585-6
Google Scholar
House JE (2008) Inorganic chemistry. Academic, Oxford, S 524. ISBN 0-12-356786-6
Google Scholar
Housecroft CE (2005) Inorganic chemistry. Pearson Education, London, S 450. ISBN 0-13-039913-2
Google Scholar
Hulet EK et al (1977) Search for superheavy elements in the bombardment of ²⁴⁸Cm with ⁴⁸Ca. Phys Rev Lett 39(7):385–389. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.385
Article CAS Google Scholar
Iscoe S, Fisher JA (2005) Hyperoxia-induced hypocapnia: an underappreciated risk. Chest 128(1):430–433. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.1.430
Article Google Scholar
IUPAC (2012) Element 114 is named erovium and element 116 is named livermorium (30. Mai 2012). IUPAC, Research Triangle Park. https://iupac.org
Google Scholar
Janiak C et al (2012) Riedel – Moderne Anorganische Chemie, 4. Aufl. de Gruyter, Berlin, S 129. ISBN 978-3-11-024900-2
Book Google Scholar
Jolleys A et al (2013) Thioether coordination to divalent selenium halide acceptors – synthesis, properties and structures. Dalton Trans 42(8):2963–2972. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2DT32665E
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kabzinska K (1998) Chemical and Polish aspects of polonium and radium discovery. Przem Chem 77(3):104–107
CAS Google Scholar
Kaji D et al (2014) Study of the reaction ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁸Cm → 296Lv* at RIKEN-GARIS. J Phys Soc Jpn 86(3):034201–1–7. https://doi.org/10.7566/JPSJ.86.034201
Article Google Scholar
Katryniok D et al (1980) Molecular and crystal structure of β-SeBr. Angew Chem Int Ed Eng 19:645. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.198006451
Article Google Scholar
Kimmerle G (1960) Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Inhalationstoxicität von Schwefel-, Selen- und Tellurhexafluorid. Archiv Toxikol 18(2):140–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00605645
Article CAS Google Scholar
King RSP (2009) Novel chemistry and applications of polythiazyl. Dissertation, Loughborough University, Vereinigtes Königreich
Google Scholar
Kirshenbaum AD, Von Grosse A (1959) Ozone fluoride or trioxygen difluoride, O₃F₂. J Am Chem Soc 81:1277–1279. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01515a003
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kjekshus A et al (2000) Synthesis, structure and thermal stability of tellurium oxides and oxide sulfate formed from reactions in refluxing sulfuric acid. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans:4542–4549. https://doi.org/10.1039/B005688J
Klapotke T, Passmore J (1989) Sulfur and selenium iodine compounds: from nonexistence to significance. Acc Chem Res 22:234–240
Article Google Scholar
Kniep R et al (1981) Crystal structure of the stable modification of SeCl₄. Z Naturf B 36:1660–1662. https://doi.org/10.1515/znb-1981-1231
Article Google Scholar
Kniep R et al (1983) Kristallstrukturell von Verbindungen A₂X₂ (A=S, Se; X=Cl, Br)/Crystal Structures of Compounds A₂X₂ (A=S, Se; X=Cl, Br). Z Naturf B 38(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/znb-1983-0102
Koike K et al (2005) Explosion properties of highly concentrated ozone gas. J Loss Prevent Proc Ind 18:465–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2005.07.020
Article Google Scholar
Kolditz L (1983) Anorganische Chemie. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Ost-Berlin, S 468–469
Google Scholar
Koppenol WH (2002) Naming of new elements (IUPAC recommendations 2002). Pure Appl Chem 74(5):787. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200274050787
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kremers P (1848) Ueber schwefligsaures Phosphorchlorid. Justus Liebigs Ann Chem 70:297–300
Article Google Scholar
Kühne H (1949) Entwiklung des Gips-Schwefelsäure-Verfahrens nach Müller-Kühne. Chem Ing Tech 21(11–12):227–229. https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.330211105
Article Google Scholar
Küster W et al (1984) Korrosionsreaktionen von elementarem Schwefel mit unlegiertem Stahl in wässrigen Medien. Mater Corros/Werkst Korr 35:556–565
Article Google Scholar
Labes MM et al (1979) Polysulfur nitride – a metallic, superconducting polymer. Chem Rev 79:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60317a002
Article CAS Google Scholar
Laitinen RS et al (1998) Selenium- and tellurium-containing chalcogen nitrides. Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat Elem 136:397–412
Article Google Scholar
Lamoureux M, Milne J (1989) The disproportionation of diselenium dichloride, Se₂Cl₂, and diselenium dibromide, Se₂Br₂. Can J Chem 67:1936. https://doi.org/10.1139/v89-301
Article CAS Google Scholar
Lapina OB et al (1999) Progress on the mechanistic understanding of SO₂ oxidation catalysts. Catal Today 51:469–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00034-6
Article CAS Google Scholar
Larson CL (1978) Polonium extraction techniques for a lead-bismuth cooled fast reactor. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Boston, S 7. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33825
Latscha HP, Klein HA (2002) Anorganische Chemie. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, S 341. ISBN 3-540-42938-7
Book Google Scholar
Lauss H-D, Steffens W (2012) Sulfur Halides. In: Ullmanns Enzyklopädie der Technischen Chemie. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a25_623
Chapter Google Scholar
Lechtken P (1974) Singulett-Sauerstoff. Chem unserer Zeit 8(1):11–16
Article CAS Google Scholar
Loss RD, Corish J (2015) Names and symbols of the elements with atomic numbers 114 and 116 (IUPAC recommendations 2012). Pure Appl Chem 84(7):1669–1672. https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REC-11-12-03
Article CAS Google Scholar
Maaninen A et al (1999) Syntheses of THF solutions of SeX₂ (X=Cl, Br) and a new route to selenium sulfides Se_nS_8−n (n = 1−5): X-ray crystal structures of SeCl₂(tht)₂ and SeCl₂(tmtu). Inorg Chem 38:4093–4097. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic981430h
Article CAS Google Scholar
MacDiarmid AG et al (1975) Synthesis and structure of the polymeric metal, (SN)_x, and its precursor, S₂N₂. J Chem Soc Chem Commun:476–477. https://doi.org/10.1039/C39750000476
MacDiarmid AG et al (2009) Synthesis and selected properties of polymeric sulfur nitride, (polythiazyl), (SN)_x. Adv Chem 150:63–72. https://doi.org/10.1021/ba-1976-0150.ch006
Article Google Scholar
Macey PM et al (2007) Hyperoxic brain effects are normalized by addition of CO₂. Pub Libr Sci Med 4(5):173. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040173
Article CAS Google Scholar
MacIntyre JE (1992) Dictionary of inorganic compounds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, S 3128/3195. ISBN 0-412-30120-2
Book Google Scholar
Marckwald W (1907) 3 mg Poloniumsalz aus 5.000 kg Uranerz, Die 14. Hauptversammlung der Bunsengesellschaft. Polytechn J 322(1):364
Google Scholar
Massa W et al (1998) [Te₆N₈(TeCl₂)₄] – tellurium nitride stabilized by tellurium tetrachloride. Angew Chem Int Ed 37:2840–2842. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19981102)37:20<2840::AID-ANIE2840>3.0.CO;2-N
Article CAS Google Scholar
Mathers FC et al (1950) Telluric acid. Inorg Synth 3:145–147
Google Scholar
Meuwsen A (1951) Über das Tetraschwefeldinitrid S₄N₂. Z Anorg Allg Chem 266:250–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19512660409
Article CAS Google Scholar
Meyer J, Wurm V (1930) Über die Zersetzung der Selenbromwasserstoffsäure und ihrer Salze. Z Anorg Allg Chem 190:90. https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19301900110
Article CAS Google Scholar
Miura T et al (2007) Experimental verification of thermal decomposition of lead polonide. Ann Nucl Energy:926–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2007.05.009
Morita K et al (2014) Measurement of the ²⁴⁸Cm + ⁴⁸Ca fusion reaction products at RIKEN GARIS. RIKEN Accel Prog Rep 47:11
Google Scholar
Moss W, Eckhardt R (1995) The human polonium injection experiments. Los Alamos Science, Report no. 23
Google Scholar
Mott NF (1969) Conduction in non-crystalline materials: III. Localized states in a pseudogap and near extremities of conduction and valence bands. Philos Mag 19:835
Article CAS Google Scholar
Muetterties EL (1960) Sulfuryl fluoride. Inorg Synth 6:158–161
CAS Google Scholar
Müller Reichenstein FJ von (1783a) Schreiben an Herrn Hofrath von Born. Über den vermeintlichen natürlichen Spiesglanzkönig. Physikalische Arbeiten der einträchtigen Freunde in Wien (1. Quartal):57–59
Google Scholar
Müller Reichenstein FJ von (1783b) Versuche mit dem in der Grube Mariahilf in dem Gebirge Fazeby bey Zalathna vorkommenden vermeinten gediegenen Spiesglanzkönig. Physikalische Arbeiten der einträchtigen Freunde in Wien (1. Quartal):63–69
Google Scholar
Nash CS, Crockett WW (2006) An anomalous bond angle in (116)H₂. Theoretical evidence for supervalent hybridization. J Phys Chem A 110(14):4619–4621. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp060888z
Article CAS Google Scholar
Naumann D, Padma DK (1973) Die Darstellung von Schwefeltetrafluorid aus den Elementen bei tiefer Temperatur in einem inerten Lösungsmittel. Z Anorg Allg Chem 401(1):53–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19734010108
Article CAS Google Scholar
Nelson J, Heal HG (1971) Structure of tetrasulphur dinitride. J Chem Soc A:136–139. https://doi.org/10.1039/J19710000136
Neufeldt S (2012) Chronologie Chemie: Entdecker und Entdeckungen. VCH-Wiley, Weinheim. ISBN 9783527662845
Google Scholar
Ninov V et al (1999) Observation of superheavy nuclei produced in the reaction of ⁸⁶Kr with ²⁰⁸Pb. Phys Rev Lett 83(6):1104–1107. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1104
Article CAS Google Scholar
Nowak HG, Suttle JF (1957) Selenium(IV) chloride. Inorg Synth 5:125–127
CAS Google Scholar
Oganessian YT et al (2000) Observation of the decay of ²⁹²116. Phys Rev C 63(1):011301. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301
Article Google Scholar
Oganessian YT et al (2004) Measurements of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions ^233,238U, ²⁴²Pu, and ²⁴⁸Cm+ ⁴⁸Ca. Phys Rev C 70(6):064609. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064609
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ohloff G (1990) Riechstoffe und Geruchssinn – Die molekulare Welt der Düfte. Springer, Berlin, S 13. ISBN 978-3-540-52560-8
Book Google Scholar
Ostwald W (1922) Grundlinien der Anorganischen Chemie. Neuauflage der Erstveröffentlichung von 1922. BoD – Books on Demand, Norderstedt, S 351. ISBN 3-86195-686-1
Google Scholar
Papadimitriou VC et al (2008) Experimental and theoretical study of the atmospheric chemistry and global warming potential of O₂F₂. J Phys Chem A 112:12657–12666. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp806368u
Article CAS Google Scholar
Paquette LA (2013) Handbook of reagents for organic synthesis, sulfur-containing reagents. Wiley, New York, S 426. ISBN 978-1-118-63483-7
Google Scholar
Patnaik P (2002) Handbook of inorganic chemicals. McGraw-Hill, New York, S 684. ISBN 0-07-049439-8
Google Scholar
Pauling L (1973) Die Natur der chemischen Bindung. Chemie, Weinheim, S 286. ISBN 3-527-25217-7
Google Scholar
Pavone M et al (2004) First-principle molecular dynamics of the Berry pseudorotation: insights on ¹⁹F NMR in SF₄. J Chem Phys 120(19):9167–9174. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1707012
Article CAS Google Scholar
Perry DL (2011) Handbook of inorganic compounds, 2. Aufl. Taylor & Francis, New York, S 360. ISBN 1-4398-1462-7
Google Scholar
Persoz M (1849) Des composés binaires formés par les métalloïdes, et, en particulier, de l‘action du chloride phosphorique sur les acides sulfureux, sulfurique, phosphorique, chromique, etc. C R 28:86–88
Google Scholar
Petragnani N, Comasseto JV (1991) Tellurium reagents in organic synthesis; recent advances. Part 1. Synthesis 10:793–817. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-1991-26577
Article Google Scholar
Petrjanow-Sokolow (1977) Bausteine der Erde, Bd 4. Verlag Mir, Moskau und Urania, Leipzig, S 15
Google Scholar
Pfützner M (1999) Borders of the nuclear world – 100 years after discovery of polonium. Acta Phys Pol B 30(5):1197. Bibcode:1999AcPPB.30.1197P
Google Scholar
Pharmacopoea Europaea (2008) (Europäisches Arzneibuch), 6. Ausgabe, Grundwerk, Straßburg
Google Scholar
Priestley J (1775) An account of further discoveries in air. Philos Trans 65:384–394. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1775.0039
Article Google Scholar
Rapp G (2009) Archaeomineralogy, 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, S 242. ISBN 978-3-540-78593-4
Book Google Scholar
Rees K et al (2013) Selenium supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The Cochrane Library 2013. Wiley, New York. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009671.pub2
Book Google Scholar
Reiffenstein RJ et al (1992) Toxicology of hydrogen sulfide. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 32:109–134. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.32.040192.000545
Article CAS Google Scholar
Remy H (1970) Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, Bd I. Akad. Verlagsges. Geest & Portig K.-G, Leipzig, S 909
Google Scholar
Rheinboldt H (1955) Schwefel-, Selen und Tellur-Verbindungen. In: Müller E et al (Hrsg) Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, Bd 9. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 952–969
Google Scholar
Riedel E, Janiak C (2011) Anorganische Chemie, 8. Aufl. De Gruyter, Berlin, S 423/458/461. ISBN 3-11-022567-0
Google Scholar
Riegel ER, Kent JA (2003) Riegel’s handbook of industrial chemistry. Springer, New York, S 503. ISBN 0-306-47411-5
Google Scholar
Ronzio AR, Waugh TD (1944) Glyoxal bisulfite. Org Synth 24:61. https://doi.org/10.15227/orgsyn.024.0061
Article CAS Google Scholar
Ruff JK (1968) Thionyl tetrafluoride and pentafluorosulfur hypofluorite. Inorg Synth 11:131–137
CAS Google Scholar
Ruff O, Menzel W (1933) Neue Sauerstofffluoride: O₂F₂ und OF₂. Z Anorg Allg Chem 211(1–2):204–208. https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19332110122
Article CAS Google Scholar
Russell RM (2003) Harrisons Innere Medizin. In: Suttorp N et al (Hrsg) Vitamine und Spurenelemente – Mangel und Überschuss. ABW Wissenschaftsverlag, Berlin. ISBN 3-936072-10-8
Google Scholar
Sahoo B et al (2012) Inorganic chemistry. PHI Learning, Delhi, S 490. ISBN 978-81-203-4308-5
Google Scholar
Schenck R (1896) Titel unbekannt. Liebigs Ann Chem 290:171
Article Google Scholar
Schmidt M (1973) Schwefel – was ist das eigentlich? Chem unserer Zeit 7(1):11–18
Article CAS Google Scholar
Schmidt M, Wilhelm I (1964) Lösungen von Selentrioxid. Chem Ber 97:872–875. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.19640970334
Article CAS Google Scholar
Schweizer U et al (2004) Selenium and brain function: a poorly recognized liaison. Brain Res Rev 45(3):164–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.03.004
Article CAS Google Scholar
Seel F (1967) Sulfuryl chloride fluoride and sulfuryl fluoride. Inorg Synth 9:111–113
CAS Google Scholar
Seel F (1988) Geschichte und Chemie des Schwarzpulvers. Le charbon fait la poudre. Chem unserer Zeit 22:9–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19880220103
Article CAS Google Scholar
Sennikov PG et al (1996) Weak hydrogen bonding in ethanol and water solutions of liquid volatile inorganic hydrides of group IV–VI elements (SiH₄, GeH₄, PH₃, AsH₃, H₂S, and H₂Se). 1. IR spectroscopy of H bonding in ethanol solutions in hydrides. J Phys Chem 100(16):6415–6420. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp953245k
Article CAS Google Scholar
Seppelt K (1987) Sulfur/carbon double and triple bonds. Pure Appl Chem 59(8):1057–1062. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198759081057
Article CAS Google Scholar
Seppelt K (2015) Molecular hexafluorides. Chem Rev 115(2):1296–1306. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5001783
Article CAS Google Scholar
Seppelt K et al (1980) Selenoyl difluoride. Inorg Synth 20:3638
Google Scholar
Service RF (1999) Berkeley crew bags element 118. Science 284(5421):1751. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5421.1751
Article CAS Google Scholar
Sharma BD, Donohue J (1963) The crystal and molecular structure of sulfur nitride, S₄N₄. Acta Cryst 16:891–897. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0365110X63002401
Article CAS Google Scholar
Shinkarenko NV, Aleskovskiji VB (1981) Singlet oxygen: methods of preparation and detection. Russ Chem Rev 50:320–321
Article Google Scholar
Siemens DH Jr et al (1977) Apparatus for extraction of polonium–210 from irradiated bismuth using molten caustic. US 05553241, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, Saint Paul. https://www.freepatentsonline.com. veröffentlicht 19.04.1977
Silvari J et al (1933) A simple, efficient synthesis of tetraselenium tetranitride. Inorg Chem 32(8):1519
Article Google Scholar
Sinclair MW et al (1973) Detection of interstellar thioformaldehyde. Aust J Phys 26:85
Article CAS Google Scholar
Smith WC, Muetterties EL (1960) Thionyl fluoride. Inorg Synth 6:162–163
CAS Google Scholar
Smolańczuk R (1999) Production mechanism of superheavy nuclei in cold fusion reactions. Phys Rev C 59(5):2634–2639. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.59.2634
Article Google Scholar
Stahl K et al (1992) The crystal structure of SeO₂ at 139 and 286 K. Z Kristallogr 202(99–107). https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.1992.202.14.99
Steinmeyer RH, Kershner CJ (1971) Vapor pressure of polonium dioxide. J Inorg Nucl Chem 33(9):2847–2850. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(71)80045-3
Article CAS Google Scholar
Steudel R (2003) Inorganic polysulfanes H₂S_n with n > 1. In: Elemental sulfur and sulfur-rich compounds II. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, S 99–125
Chapter Google Scholar
Steudel R (2008) Chemie der Nichtmetalle: Von Struktur und Bindung zur Anwendung. De Gruyter, Berlin, S 426/461/475/565. ISBN 3-11-021128-9
Google Scholar
Steudel R (2014) Chemie der Nichtmetalle, Synthesen – Strukturen – Bindung – Verwendung, 4. Aufl. De Gruyter, Berlin, S 515. ISBN 978-3-11-030439-8
Google Scholar
Steudel R, Laitinen R (1982) Cyclic selenium sulfides. Top Curr Chem 102:177–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-11345-2_11
Article CAS Google Scholar
Stranges S et al (2007) Effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 147(4):217. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-147-4-200708210-00175
Article Google Scholar
Strecker W, Ebert W (1925) Über Tellurstickstoff. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges B 58:2527–2534. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.19250581109
Article Google Scholar
Streng AG (1963) The chemical properties of dioxygen difluoride. J Am Chem Soc 85(10):1380–1385. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00893a004
Article CAS Google Scholar
Szabadváry F (1997) Müller von Reichenstein, Franz Josef. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie, Bd 18. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, S 372. ISBN 3-428-00199-0
Google Scholar
Tadros TF (2005) Applied surfactants: principles and applications. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. ISBN 3-527-30629-3
Book Google Scholar
Thayer JS (2005) Relativistic effects and the chemistry of the heavier main group elements. J Chem Educ 82(11):1721. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed082p1721
Article CAS Google Scholar
Thayer JS (2010) Relativistic effects and the chemistry of the heavier main group elements, relativistic methods for chemists. Chall Adv Comput Chem Phys 10:83. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5
Article Google Scholar
U. S. Department of Energy (2015) SciTech Connect. https://www.osti.gov. Zugegriffen am 05.05.2015
Universität Düsseldorf (2013) Inhaltsstoffe Paranuss. http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de. Zugegriffen am 29.05.2013
Weigel F (1959) Chemie des Poloniums. Angew Chem 71:289–316. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.19590710902
Article CAS Google Scholar
Weinstock B, Chernick CL (1960) The preparation of a volatile polonium fluoride. J Am Chem Soc 82:4116–4117
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wellburn AR et al (1997) Luftverschmutzung und Klimaänderung: Auswirkungen auf Flora, Fauna und Mensch. Springer, Heidelberg, S 31, 104. ISBN 978-3-540-61831-7
Book Google Scholar
Williams SA, Gaines RV (1975) Carlfriesite, H₄Ca(TeO₃)₃, a new mineral from Moctezuma, Sonora, Mexico. Mineral Mag 40:127–130
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wurzbach C von (1868) Müller Freiherr von Reichenstein, Franz Joseph. In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, Bd 19. Theil (Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien, S 345–347
Google Scholar
Wüllen C van, Langermann N (2007) Gradients for two-component quasirelativistic methods. Application to dihalogenides of element 116. J Chem Phys 126(11):114106. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2711197
Zhu J-K, Gimarc BM (1983) Structure of tetrasulfur dinitride. Inorg Chem 22:1996–1999. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00156a014
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zuckerman JJ (2009) Inorganic reactions and methods, The formation of bonds to halogens. Wiley, New York, S 59/68/100/191. ISBN 0-470-14538-2
Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

LANXESS Deutschland GmbH, Leverkusen, Deutschland
Hermann Sicius

Authors

Hermann Sicius
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this entry

Cite this entry

Sicius, H. (2023). Chalkogene: Elemente der sechsten Hauptgruppe. In: Handbuch der chemischen Elemente. Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55944-4_6-2

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55944-4_6-2
Received: 20 September 2022
Accepted: 20 September 2022
Published: 25 January 2023
Publisher Name: Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-55944-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-55944-4
eBook Packages: Springer Referenz Naturwissenschaften

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Chapter history

Latest
Chalkogene: Elemente der sechsten Hauptgruppe

Published:

25 January 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55944-4_6-2
Original
Chalkogene: Elemente der sechsten Hauptgruppe

Published:

27 February 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55944-4_6-1