Abstract
Bacteria associated with living surfaces may or may not multiply while attached to the living substratum. Whether or not they multiply, such bacteria must utilize nutrients present in the environment often in competition with the living host cells in the substratum and other microorganisms in an attached community. If they multiply while attached to a surface, then bacteria must conform in their reproductive strategies to conditions imposed on the habitat by the living tissue sharing it. Bacteria attached to living surfaces may penetrate into and through the surface into underlying host tissues, synthesize macromolecules that alter the function of the living substratum, or produce end products of metabolism that can be utilized as carbon and energy sources by the living cells in the substratum. Such products of metabolism may also function, along with nutritional competition, to regulate the population levels and localization of other microorganisms in attached communities. These processes are understood poorly at the molecular level.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barrow, P.A.; Brooker, B.E.; Fuller, R.; and Newport, M.J. 1980. The attachment of bacteria to the gastric epithelium of the pig and its importance in the microecology of the intestine. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 48: 147–154.
Blumershine, R.V., and Savage, D.C. 1978. Filamentous microbes indigenous to the murine small bowel: a scanning electron microscopic study of their morphology and attachment to the epithelium. Microb. Ecol. 4: 95–103.
Bradley, S.G. 1979. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of bacterial endotoxins. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 33: 67–94.
Cromartie, W.J. 1941. Infection of normal and passively immunized chick embryos with Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Am. J. Path. 17: 411–420.
Davis, C.P. 1976. Preservation of gastrointestinal bacteria and their microenvironmental associations of rats by freezing. Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 31: 304–312.
Davis, C.P., and Savage, D.C. 1974. Habitat, succession, attachment and morphology of segmented, filamentous microbes indigenous to the murine gastrointestinal tract. Infec. Immun. 10: 948–956.
Dazzo, F.B. 1980. Adsorption of microorganisms to roots and other plant surfaces. In Adsorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces, eds. G. Bitton and K.C. Marshall, pp. 253–316. New York: John Wiley.
Dinsdale, D.; Cheng, K.-J.; Wallace, R.J.; and Goodlad, R.A. 1980. Digestion of epithelial tissue of the rumen wall by adherent bacteria in infused and conventionally fed sheep. Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 39: 1059–1066.
Dudman, W.F. 1977. The role of surface polysaccharides in natural environments. In Surface Carbohydrates of the Prokaryotic Cell, ed. I. Sutherland, pp. 357–414. London: Academic Press.
Elsden, S.R.; Hitchcock, M.W.S.; Marshall, R.A.; and Phillipson, A.T. 1946. Volatile acid in the digesta of ruminants and other animals. J. Exp. Biol. 22: 191–202.
Elwell, L.P., and Shipley, P.L. 1980. Plasmid-mediated factors associated with virulence of bacteria to animals. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 34: 465–496.
Field, M. 1979. Modes of action of enterotoxins from Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli. Rev. Infec. Dis. 1: 918–925.
Finkelstein, R.A.; Boesman-Finkelstein, M.; and Holt, P. 1983. Vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin/lectin/protease hydrolyzes fibronectin and ovomucin: F.M. Burnet revisited. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 1092–1095.
Finkelstein, R.A., and LoSpalluto, J.J. 1969. Pathogenesis of experimental cholera. Preparation and isolation of choleragen and choleragenoid. J. Exp. Med. 130: 185–202.
Freter, R.; Brickner, H.; Fekete, J.; Vickerman, M.M.; and Carey, K.E. 1983. Survival and implantation of Escherichia coli in the intestinal tract. Infec. Immun. 39: 686–703.
Freter, R.; O’Brien, P.C.M.; and Macsai, M.S. 1981. Role of chemotaxis in the association of motile bacteria with intestinal mucosa: in vivo studies. Infec. Immun. 34: 234–240.
Fuller, R. 1977. The importance of lactobacilli in maintaining normal microbial balance in the crop. Br. J. Poult. Sci. 18: 85–94.
Fuller, R.; Houghton, S.B.; and Brooker, B.E. 1981. Attachment of Streptococcus faecium to the duodenal epithelium of the chicken and its importance in colonization of the small intestine. Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 41: 1433–1441.
Griffiths, E.; Rogers, H.J.; and Bullen, J.J. 1980. Iron, plasmids and infection. Nature 284: 508–509.
Hale, T.L.; Sansonetti, P.J.; Schad, P.A.; Austin, S.; and Formal, S.B. 1983. Characterization of virulence plasmids and plasmid- associated outer membrane proteins in Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, and Escherichia coli. Infec. Immun. 40: 340–350.
Johnson, A. 1981. The pathogenesis of gonorrhoea. J. Infection 3: 299–308.
Jones, G.W.; Robert, D.K.; Svinarich, D.M.; and Whitfield, H.J. 1982. Association of adhesive, invasive, and virulent phenotypes of Salmonella typhimurium with autonomous 60-megadalton plasmids. Infec. Immun. 38: 476–486.
Kornfeld, S.J., and Plaut, A.G. 1981. Secretory immunity and the bacterial IgA proteases. Rev. Infec. Dis. 3: 521–534.
Lankford, C.E. 1960. Factors of virulence of Vibrio cholerae. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 88: 1203–1212.
Lee, A., and Gemmell, E. 1972. Changes in the mouse intestinal microflora during weaning: role of volatile fatty acids. Infec. Immun. 5: 1–7.
Lippincott, J.A., and Lippincott, B.B. 1980. Microbial adherence in plants. In Bacterial Adherence, ed. E.H. Beachey, pp. 375–398. London: Chapman and Hall.
Markham, J.L.; Knox, K.W.; Wicken, A.J.; and Hewett, M.J. 1975. Formation of extracellular lipoteichoic acid by oral streptococci and lactobacilli. Infec. Immun. 12: 378–386.
Marshall, K.C. 1976. Interfaces in Microbial Ecology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
McNabb, P.C., and Tomasi, T.B. 1981. Host defense mechanisms at mucosal surfaces. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 35; 477–496.
Nester, E.W., and Kosuge, T. 1981. Plasmids specifying plant hyperplasias. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 35: 531–565.
Neutra, M.R. 1980. Prokaryotic-eukaryotic cell junctions: attachment of spirochetes and flagellated bacteria to primate large intestinal celis. J. Ultra. Res. 70: 186–203.
Owen, R.L., and Nemanic, P. 1978. Antigen processing structures of the mammalian intestinal tract: an SEM study of lymphoepithelial organs. In Scanning Electron Microscopy/1978, vol. II, pp. 367–378. AMF O’Hare, IL: SEM Inc.
Pearce, W.A., and Buchanan, T.M. 1980. Structure and cell-membrane - binding properties of bacteria fimbriae. In Bacterial Adherence, ed. E.H. Beachey, pp. 289–344. London: Chapman and Hall.
Salyers, A.A.; West, S.E.H.; Vercellotti, J.R.; and Wilkins, T.D. 1977. Fermentation of mucins and plant polysaccharides by anaerobic bacteria from the human colon. Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 34: 529–533.
Savage, D.C. 1980. Adherence of normal flora to mucosal surfaces. In Bacterial Adherence, ed. E.H. Beachey, pp. 33–59. London: Chapman and Hall.
Savage, D.C. 1983. Morphological diversity among members of the gastrointestinal microflora. Int. Rev. Cyt. 82: 305–334.
Savage, D.C.; Siegel, J.E.; Snellen, J.E.; and Whitt, D.D. 1981. Transit time of epithelial cells in the small intestines of germfree mice and ex-germfree mice associated with indigenous microorganisms. Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 42: 996–1001.
Savage, D.C., and Whitt, D.D. 1982. Influence of the indigenous microbiota on amounts of protein, DNA, and alkaline phosphatase activity extractable from epithelial cells of the small intestines of mice. Infec. Immun. 37: 539–549.
Schockman, G.D., and Wicken, A.J., eds. 1981. Chemistry and Biological Activities of Bacterial Surface Amphiphiles. New York: Academic Press.
Silverstein, S.C.; Steinman, R.M.; and Cohn, Z.A. 1977. Endocytosis. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 46: 669–722.
Snellen, J.E., and Savage, D.C. 1978. Freeze-fracture study of the filamentous, segmented microorganism attached to the murine small bowel. J. Bacteriol. 134: 1099–1107.
Stanier, R.Y.; Adelberg, E.A.; and Ingraham, J.L. 1976. The Microbial World, 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Stanton, T.B., and Savage, D.C. 1983. Colonization of gnotobiotic mice of Roseburia cecicola, a motile, obligately anaerobic bacterium from murine ceca. Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 45: 1677–1684.
Steffen, E.K., and Berg, R.D. 1983. Relationship between cecal population levels of indigenous bacteria and translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Infec. Immun. 39: 1252–1259.
Takeuchi, A. 1967. Electron microscopic studies of experimental salmonella infection. Am. J. Path. 50: 109–136.
Umesaki, Y.; Tohyama, K.; and Mutai, M. 1982. Biosynthesis of microvillus membrane-associated glycoproteins of small intestinal epithelial cells in germfree and conventionalized mice. J. Biochem. 92: 373–379.
Wallace, R.J.; Cheng, K.-J.; Dinsdale, D.; and Orskov, E.R. 1979. An independent microbial flora of the epithelium and its role in the ecomicrobiology of the rumen. Nature 279: 424–426.
Weinberg, E.D. 1974. Iron and susceptibility to infectious disease. Science 184: 952–956.
Winter, J., and Bokkenheuser, V.D. 1979. Bacterial metabolism of corticoids with particular reference to the 21-dehydroxylation. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 2626–2629.
Wolin, M.J. 1975. Interactions between the bacterial species of the rumen. In Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant, eds. I.W. McDonald and A.C.I. Warner, pp. 134–148. Sydney: The University of New England Publishing Unit.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Dr. S. Bernhard, Dahlem Konferenzen, Berlin
About this paper
Cite this paper
Savage, D.C. (1984). Activities of Microorganisms Attached to Living Surfaces. In: Marshall, K.C. (eds) Microbial Adhesion and Aggregation. Life Sciences Research Reports, vol 31. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70137-5_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70137-5_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-70139-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-70137-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive