Abstract
The anatomy of the autonomic nervous system of the frog was established during the last century and was first summarized in Ecker’s and Wiedersheim’s famous monography, revised by Gaupp (1899). This description was based mainly on Rana esculenta. Some of the few recent contributions deserve mention, particularly those of Hirt (1934), Nicol (1952) and especially those of Pick (1957, 1970) on Rana pipiens. Here only an outline of the anatomy will be given; the reader is thus invited to consult the above papers for more details.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- Ach:
-
Acetylcholine
- AChE:
-
Acetylcholinesterase
- ATP:
-
adenosine-triphosphate
- IMAO:
-
inhibitor of monoamine-oxidase(s)
- MAO:
-
monoamine-oxidase(s)
- 6-OH-DA:
-
6-hydroxydopamine
- LGV:
-
large granulated (=dense-cored) vesicles
- SGV:
-
small granulated (= dense-cored) vesicles
- SIF:
-
small intensely fluorescent (cells)
References
Abraham, A.: Die mikroskopische Innervation des Herzens der Amphibien. Acta biol. Univ. Szeged. 7, 45–64 (1961).
Abraham, A.: Microscopic Innervation of the Heart and Blood Vessels in Vertebrates including Man. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado. London: Pergamon Press 1969.
Aikawa, T.: On the innervation of the frog’s stomach. Jap. J. med. Sci. Biophys. 2, 91–129 (1931).
Angelakos, E.T., Glassman, P.M., Millard, R.W., King, H.: Regional distribution and subcellular localization of catecholamines in the frog heart. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 15, 313–324 (1965).
Angelakos, E.T., King, H.P.: Demonstration of nerve terminals containing adrenaline by a new histochemical technique. Nature (Lond.) 213, 391–392 (1967).
Ariens Kappers, J.: Survey of the innervation of the Epiphysis cerebri and the accessory pineal organs of Vertebrates. In: Progress in Brain Research (J. Ariens Kappers and J.P. Schade, eds.), vol. 10, p. 87–151. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publ. Co. 1965.
Augustinsson, K.B.: Cholinesterases. A study in comparative enzymology. Acta physiol. scand. 15, Suppl. 52, 1–182 (1948).
Axelrod, J.: Methylation reactions in the formation and metabolism of catecholamines and other biogenic amines. Pharmacol. Rev. 18, No. 1, 96–113 (1966).
Azuma, T., Binia, A., Visscher, M.B.: Adrenergic mechanisms in the bullfrog and turtle. Amer. J. Physiol. 209, 1287–1294 (1965).
Banister, J., Mann, S.P.: An investigation of the adrenergic innervation of the heart and major blood vessels of the frog by Falck’s method of fluorescence microscopy. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 181, 13P–15P (1965).
Bartoszewicz, W., Barrnett, R.J.: Fine structural localization of nucleoside phosphatase activity in the urinary bladder of the toad. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 10, 599–609 (1964).
Baumgarten, H.G., Holstein, A.F., Owman, Ch.: Auerbach’s plexus of mammals and man: electron microscopic identification of three different types of neuronal processes in myenteric ganglia of the large intestine from Rhesus monkeys, guinea-pigs and man. Z. Zellforsch. 106, 376–397 (1970).
Bazanova, I.S., Evdokimov, S.A., Majorov, V.N., Merkulova, O.S., Tchernigovski, V.N.: (in Russian) Morphology and electrophysiology of interneuronal synapses in living preparations of parasympathetic ganglia of frog urinary bladder. Fiziol. J. SSSR 51, 309–317 (1965).
Bazanova, I.S., Ivanova, T.S., Petushkov, N.M.: (In Russian) Structural shifts in interneuronal synapses of frog after stimulation of preganglionic fibers with electrical current. Arkh. Anat. Gistol. Embriol. 52, 76–83 (1967).
Beale, L.S.: On the structure and formation of the so-called apoiar, unipolar and bipolar nerve cells of the frog. Phil. Trans. 153, 543–569 (1863).
Bell, C.: A histochemical study of the esterases in the bladder of the toad (Bufo marinus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 21, 91–98 (1967).
Bell, C., Burnstock, G.: Cholinesterases in the bladder of the toad (Bufo marinus). Biochem. Pharmacol. 14, 78–89 (1965).
Berman, H.J., Siggins, G.R.: Neurogenic factors in the microvascular system. Fed. Proc. 27, 1384–1390 (1968).
Bernheim, F.: Die Innervation der Harnblase beim Frosch und Salamander. Arch. Anat. Physiol., Physiol. Abt., 11–28 (1892).
Berthold, C.H.: Ultrastructural appearance of glycogen in the B-neurons of the lumbar spinal ganglia of the frog. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 14, 254–267 (1966).
Bidder, F.: Die Endigungsweise der Herzzweige des N. vagus beim Frosch. Arch. Anat. Physiol, wiss. Med. 1–50 (1868).
Birks, R.B., Katz, B., Miledi, R.: Physiological and structural changes at the amphibian myoneural junction in the course of nerve degeneration. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 150, 145–168 (1960).
Bishop, G.H., O’Leary, J.: Pathways through the sympathetic nervous system in the bullfrog. J. Neurophysiol. 1, 442–454 (1938).
Blackman, L.G., Ginsborg, B.L., Ray, C.: Synaptic transmission in the sympathetic ganglion of the frog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 167, 355–373 (1963).
Bogdanski, D.F., Bonomi, L., Brodie, B.B.: Occurrence of serotonin and catecholamines in brain and peripheral organs of various vertebrate classes. Life Sci. 2, 80–84 (1963).
Botazzi, F.: The action of the vagus and the sympathetic on the oesophagus of the toad. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 25, 157–164 (1899).
Boyd, H., Burnstock, G., Rogers, D.: Innervation of the large intestine of the toad (Bufo marinus). Brit. J. Pharmacol. 23, 151–163 (1964).
Brecht, K.: Über die Wirkung des Acetylcholins auf die Froschlunge, ihre Beeinflussung und ihre theoretischen Grundlagen. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 246, 553–576 (1943).
Brecht, K.: Über die Wirkung elektrischer Reizung des Vago-sympathicus auf die glatte Muskulatur der Froschlunge und ihre Beeinflussung durch Ionen bei künstlicher Durchströmung. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 249, 94–111 (1947).
Brecht, K., Fraessle, K.: Über die Wirkung elektrischer Reizung des Vagosympathicus auf die Froschlunge. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 247, 649–659 (1944).
Brücke, E.T.: Über die sympathische Innervation der Krötenhaut. Z. Biol. 74, 99–112 (1922).
Brzin, M., Tennyson, V.M., Duffy, P.E.: Acetylcholinesterase in frog sympathetic and dorsal root ganglia: a study by electron microscope cytochemistry and microgasometric analysis with the magnetic diver. J. Cell Biol. 31, 215–242 (1966).
Brzin, M., Tennyson, V.M., Duffy, P.E.: Ultrastructural, cytochemical and microgasometric studies of isolated neurons of the frog. Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 6, 265–272 (1967).
Burnstock, G.: Evolution of the autonomic innervation of visceral and cardiovascular systems in Vertebrates. Pharmacol. Rev. 21, 247–324 (1969).
Burnstock, G.: Structure of smooth muscle and its innervation. In: Smooth Muscle (E. Bulbring, A.F. Brading, A.W. Jones and T. Tomita, eds.). London: E. Arnold 1970.
Burnstock, G.: Neural nomenclature. Nature (Lond.) 229, 282–283 (1971).
Burnstock, G.: Purinergic nerves. Pharmacol. Rev. 24, 509–581 (1972).
Burnstock, G., Campbell, G., Bennett, M., Holman, M.E.: Innervation of the guinea-pig toenia coli: are there intrinsic inhibitory nerves which are distinct from sympathetic nerves? Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 31, 163–166 (1964).
Burnstock, G., Campbell, G., Satchell, D., Smythe, A.: Evidence that adenosine-triphosphate or a related nucleotide is the transmitter substance released by non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves in the gut. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 40, 668–688 (1970).
Burnstock, G., Iwayama, T.: Fine structural identification of autonomic nerves and their relation to smooth muscle. Sympos. on Histoch. of Nervous Transmission (O. Eränkö, ed.). Progr. Brain Res. 34, 389–404 (1971).
Burnstock, G., Kirby, S.: Absence of inhibitory effects of catecholamines on lower vertebrate arterial strip preparation. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 20, 404–406 (1968).
Burnstock, G., O’Shea, J., Wood, M.: Comparative physiology of the vertebrate autonomic system. I. Innervation of the urinary bladder of the toad (Bufo marinus). J. exp. Biol. 40, 403–420 (1963).
Burnstock, G., Satchell, D.G., Smythe, A.: A comparison of the excitatory and inhibitory effects of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation and exogenously applied ATP on a variety of smooth muscle preparations from different vertebrate species. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 46, 234–242 (1972).
Cajal, S.R. y: Nota sobre el plexo de Auerbach de la rana. Trab. Lab. Histol. Fac. Med. Barcelona 23–28 (1892).
Campbell, G.: The autonomic innervation of the stomach of a toad (Bufo marinus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 31, 693–706 (1969).
Campbell, G.: Autonomic innervation of the lung musculature of a toad (Bufo marinus). Comp. gen. Pharmacol. 2, 281–286 (1971).
Campbell, G., Burnstock, G.: The comparative physiology of gastrointestinal motility. In: Handbook of Physiology, sect. 6: Alimentary canal IX, p. 2213–2266. Washington D.C.: Amer. Physiol. Soc. 1968.
Campbell, G., Burnstock, G., Wood, M.: A method for distinguishing between adrenergic and cholinergic excitatory innervation of smooth muscle. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 49, 268–276 (1964).
Carlson, A.J., Luckhardt, A.B.: Studies on the visceral sensory nervous system. I. Lung automatism and lung reflexes in the frog. (R. pipiens and R. catesbiana). Amer. J. Physiol. 54, 55–95 (1920).
Carlson, A.J., Luckhardt, A.B.: Studies on the visceral sensory nervous system. X. The vagus control of the oesophagus. Amer. J. Physiol. 57, 299–335 (1921).
Carter, R.H.: Resistance to tetrodotoxin in toad sympathetic nerves. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 21, 394–395 (1969).
Chacko, C.W., Cerf, J.A.: Histochemical localization of Cholinesterase in the Amphibian spinal cord and alterations following ventral root section. J. Anat. (Lond.) 94, 75–81 (1960).
Chernetski, K.E.: Cephalic sympathetic fibers in the frog. J. comp. Neurol. 122, 173–179 (1964).
Cole, E.C.: Anastomosing cells in the myentericus plexus of the frog. J. comp. Neurol. 38, 375–387 (1925).
Cole, E.C.: Notes on the extent and organization of the myenteric plexus in the frog. J. comp. Neurol. 41, 311–317 (1926).
Contejean, C.: Action des nerfs pneumogastrique et grand sympathique sur l’estomac chez les Batraciens. Arch. Physiol, norm, pathol., 24ème sér., 4, 640–650 (1892).
Couteaux, R.: Principaux critères morphologiques et cyto-chimiques utilisables aujourd’hui pour définir les divers types de synapses. In: Actualités Neurophysiologiques (A. Monnier, ed.), 3ème sér., p. 145–173. Paris: Masson 1961.
Couteaux, R., Taxi, J.: Recherches histochimiques sur la distribution des activités cholinestérasiques au niveau de la synapse myoneurale. Arch. Anat. micr. Morph, exp. 41, 352–392 (1952).
Couvreur, E.: Influence de l’excitation du pneumogastrique sur la circulation pulmonaire de la Grenouille. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 109, 823–825 (1889).
Dahlström, A.: Observations on the accumulation of noradrenaline in the proximal and distal parts of peripheral adrenergic nerves after compression. J. Anat. (Lond.) 99, 677–689 (1965).
Dahlström, A., Häggendal, J.: Studies on the transport and life-span of amine storage granules in a peripheral adrenergic neuron system. Acta physiol. scand. 67, 278–288 (1966).
Dale, H.H.: Observations, chiefly by the degeneration method, on possible efferent fibers in the dorsal nerve roots of the toad and frog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 27, 350–355 (1901).
Dedyulin, Ya.A.: The vasomotor apparatus of the frog and the rabbit. Med. Vestn. 30, 277 (1865). (Quoted from Gri-gor’eva, 1962.)
Dehler, A.: Beitrag zur Kenntnis vom feineren Bau der sympathischen Ganglienzellen des Frosches. Arch. mikr. Anat. 46, 724–739 (1895).
Dennis, M.J., Harris, A.J., Kuffler, S.W.: Synaptic transmission and its duplication by focally applied acetylcholine in parasympathetic neurons in the heart of the frog. Proc. roy. Soc. B 177, 503–539 (1971).
De Robertis, E., Bennett, H.S.: A submicroscopic vesicular component in nerve satellite cells and in Schwann cells. Anat. Rec, Suppl. 118, 294 (1954).
De Robertis, E., Bennett, H.S.: Some features of the submicroscopic morphology of synapses in frog and earthworm. J. bioph. biochem. Cytol. 1, 47–56 (1955).
De Robertis, E., Bennett, H.S.: Un composant submicroscopique vésiculaire des cellules de Schwann et des cellules satellites des ganglions. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 150, 1654–1655 (1956).
Dhalla, N.S., MacLain, P.L.: Effect of cardio-active drugs on the rate, contractile force and Phosphorylase activity in the frog heart. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 163, 272–282 (1966).
Dixon, W.E.: The innervation of the frog’s stomach. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 28, 57–75 (1902).
Dogiel, A.S.: Zur Frage über den feineren Bau des sympathischen Nervensystems bei den Säugethieren. Arch. mikr. Anat. 46, 305–344 (1895).
Dogiel, J.: Die Nervenzellen und Nerven des Herzventrikels beim Frosch. Arch. mikr. Anat. 21, 21–25 (1882).
Doi, Y.: On the existence of antidromic fibers in the frog, and their influence on the capillaries. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 54, 227–238 (1920).
Dumont, L.: L’innervation cholinergique du muscle vésical. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 239, 194–200 (1954).
Ehrlich, P.: Ueber die Methylenblaureaktion der lebenden Nervensubstanz. Biol. Zbl. 6, 214–224 (1886).
Elliott, I.R.: The action of adrenalin. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 32, 401–467 (1905).
Epstein, D.: The responses of the excised batrachian alimentary canal to autonomic drugs. I. Xenopus laevis (the South African clawed toad)-pilocarpine, physostigmine, adrenaline. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 43, 653–675 (1931).
Epstein, D.: The responses of the batrachian alimentary canal to autonomic drugs. Xenopus laevis (the South African clawed toad)-arecholine. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 22, 1–5 (1932a).
Epstein, D.: The responses of the batrachian alimentary canal to autonomic drugs. Rana and Bufo-arecholine. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 75, 99–111 (1932b).
Eränkö, O., Härkönen, M.: Histochemical demonstration of fluorogenic amines in the cytoplasm of sympathetic ganglion cells of the rat. Acta physiol. scand. 58, 285–286 (1963).
Erlij, D., Centrangolo, R., Valadez, R.: Adrenotropic receptors in the frog. J. Pharmacol, exp. Therap. 149, 65–70 (1965).
Erspramer, V.: Occurence of indolealkylamines in nature. In: Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie (O. Eichler and A. Farah, eds.), vol. XIX, 5-hydroxytryptamine and related indolealkylamines (V. Erspramer, sub-ed.), p. 132–181. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1966.
Eugling, M.: Untersuchungen über die peripheren Tonus der Blutgefässe. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 121, 275–297 (1908).
Euler, U.S. von: A specific sympathomimetic ergone in adrenergic nerve fibers (sympathin) and its relation to adrenaline and noradrenaline. Acta physiol. scand. 12, 73–97 (1946).
Euler, U.S. von: Noradrenaline, pp. 150–153. Springfield: C. Thomas 1956.
Falck, B., Häggendal, J., Owman, Ch.: The localization of adrenaline in adrenergic nerves in the frog. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 48, 253–257 (1963).
Falck, B., Hillarp, N.A., Thieme, G., Torp, A.: Fluorescence of catecholamines and related compounds condensed with formaldehyde. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 10, 348–354 (1962).
Fedorow, B.G.: Essai de l’étude intravitale des cellules nerveuses et des connexions interneuronales dans le système nerveux autonome. Trav. Lab. Rech. Biol. Univ. Madrid 30, 403–434 (1935).
Fedorow, B.G., Matwejewa, S.J.: La structure des connexions interneuronales dans le système nerveux autonome dela Grenouille Trav. Lab. Rech. Biol. Univ. Madrid 30, 379–401 (1935).
Florkin, M.: Automatisme et inhibition au niveau de l’intestin terminal chez la Grenouille. Arch. int. Physiol. 30, 73–76 (1928).
Freedman, B.: Microscopy of synapses of non-excised frog heart. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 80, 399–400 (1952).
Friedman, M.H.F.: Oesophagal and gastric secretion in the frog. J. cell. comp. Physiol. 37, 37–50 (1937).
Fujimoto, S.: Some observations on the fine structure of the sympathetic ganglion of the toad, Bufo vulgaris japonicus. Arch. Histol. Jap. 28, 313–335 (1967).
Fulton, G.P., Lutz, B.R.: Neuro-motor mechanism of the small blood vessels of the frog. Science 92, 223–224 (1940).
Gaskell, W.H.: On the action of the sympathetic nerves upon the heart of the frog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 5, XIII–XV (1884).
Gaskell, W.H.: On the structure, distribution and function of the nerves which innervate the visceral and vascular systems. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 7, 1–80 (1886).
Gasser, H.S.: Discussion. In: The hypothesis of saltatory conduction. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 17, 32–36 (1952).
Gaupp, E.: Ecker’s and Wiedersheim’s Anatomie des Frosches. II. S. 214–227. Braunschweig: F. Vieweg 1899.
Geffen, L.B., Descarries, L., Droz, B.: Intraaxonal migration of 3H-norepinephrine injected into the coeliac ganglion of cats: radioautographic study of the proximal segment of constricted splenic nerves. Brain Res. 35, 315–318 (1971).
Geffen, L.B., Livett, B.G., Rush, R.A.: Immunohistochem-ical localization of protein components of catecholamine storage vesicles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 204, 593–605 (1969).
Gerlach, L.: Ueber die Nervenendigungen in der Muskulatur des Froschherzens. Arch. Path. Anat. Physiol. klin. Med. 66, 3–39 (1874).
Giacobini, E.: Histochemical demonstration of AChE activity in isolated nerve cells. Acta physiol. scand. 36, 276–290 (1956).
Giacobini, E.: Quantitative determination of Cholinesterase in individual sympathetic cells. J. Neurochem. 1, 234–244 (1957).
Gillard, S.M., Read, J.B.: Fluorescenthistochemical studies on the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on adrenaline-containing nerves in the toad. Z. Zellforsch. 118, 493–511 (1971).
Girardier, L., Baumann, F., Posternak, J.M.: Recherches sur les cholinestérases cardiaques. Helv. physiol. pharmacol. Acta 18, 467–481 (1960).
Goltz, F.: Studien über die Bewegungen der Speiseröhre und des Magen des Frosches. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 6, 616–642 (1872).
Govyrin, V.A., Leontieva, G.R.: Influence of elimination of sympathetic nerve supply on content and accumulation of catecholamines in cardiac muscle of the frog. Fiziol. J. SSSR 49, 566–569 (1963). [In Russian.]
Gramenitzky, M.I.: Einige Methoden zur Beobachtung der Tätigkeit des Froschherzens. In: Handbuch der biologischen Arbeitsmethoden, Abt. V, vol. 8, p. 953–963. Berlin-Wien: Urban und Schwarzenberg 1934.
Gray, E.G., Guillery, R.W.: Synaptic morphology in the normal and degenerating nervous system. Int. Rev. Cytol. 19, 111–182 (1966).
Grigor’eva, T.A.: The Innervation of Blood Vessels. New York-London: Pergamon Press 1962.
Grimley, P.M., Edwards, G.A.: The ultrastructure of cardiac desmosomes in the toad and their relationship to the intercalated disc. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 8, 305–318 (1960).
Gunn, M.: A study of the enteric plexuses in some amphibians. Quart. J. micr. Sci. 92, 55–77 (1951).
Hallerstein, H. von: Kranialnerven. In: Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbeltiere (L. Bolk, E. Goppert, E. Kallius, W. Lubosch, eds.), p. 681 et seq. Berlin-Wien: Urban & Schwarzenberg 1934.
Hardesty, I.: The number and arrangement of the fibers forming the spinal nerves of the frog. (Rana virescens). J. comp. Neurol. 9, 64–112(1899).
Hato, H.: Effects of the electric stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the rami communicantes and of the splanchnic nerve upon the movements of the frog’s stomach. J. Physiol. Soc. Jap. 20, 388–396 (1958a). [In Japanese, English summary.]
Hato, H.: Effects of the electric stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the spinal ventral and dorsal roots upon the movements of the frog’s stomach. J. Physiol. Soc. Jap. 20, 397–400 (1958b). [In Japanese, English summary.]
Hato, H.: Effects of the electric stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the vagosympathetic nerves on the movements of the frog’s stomach. J. Physiol. Soc. Jap. 20, 401–406 (1958c). [In Japanese, English summary.]
Hato, H.: On the motor fibers in the gastric movements passing via the posterior roots of the frog. J. Physiol. Soc. Jap. 20, 416–421 (1958d). [In Japanese, English summary.]
Hebb, C.: Formation, storage and liberation of acetylcholine. In: Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie (O. Eichler, and A. Farah, eds.), vol. XV, Cholinesterases and Anticholinesterase Agents (G. Koelle, sub-ed.), p. 55–88. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1963.
Heymans, J.F.: Ueber Innervation des Froschherzens. Arch. Anat. Physiol., Physiol. Abt. 391 (1893).
Hillarp, N.Å.: Structure of the synapse and the peripheral innervation apparatus of the autonomic nervous system. Acta anat. (Basel), Suppl. IV, 1–153 (1946).
Hillarp, N.Å.: The construction and functional organization of the autonomic innervation apparatus. Acta physiol. scand. 46, Suppl. 157, 1–38 (1959).
Hillarp, N.Å., Hökfelt, B.: Histochemical demonstration of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the adrenal medulla. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 3, 1–5 (1955).
Hirt, A.: Zur Innervation der Niere und Nebenniere des Frosches. Z. Anat. Entwickl.-Gesch. 91, 580–593 (1930).
Hirt, A.: Die vergleichende Anatomie des sympathischen Nervensystem. In: Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbeltiere (L. Bolk, E. Göppert, E. Kallius and W.L. Lubosch, eds.), vol. II, p. 709–712. Berlin-Wien: Urban & Schwarzenberg 1934.
Hofmann, F.B.: Das intracardiac Nervensystem des Frosches. Arch. Anat. Physiol., Anat. Abt. 54–114 (1902).
Hökfelt, T.: In vitro studies on central and peripheral monoamine neurons at the ultrastructural level. Z. Zellforsch. 91, 1–74 (1968).
Hopf, H.: Studien über antagonistische Nerven. VII. Uber den hemmenden und erregenden Einfluss des Vagus auf den Magen des Frosches. Z. Biol. 55, 409–459 (1911).
Horton Smith, R.J.: On efferent fibers in the posterior roots in the frog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 21, 101–111 (1897).
Horvath, I.: Comparative cytological examinations of the paravertebral ganglia of tadpoles and full-grown frogs. Acta biol. Univ. Szeged 12, 93–99 (1966).
Horvath, I.: Zinc-iodide-osmium impregnated cells in the paravertebral bundle of the marsh-frog (Rana ridibunda Pall.) Acta biol. Univ. Szeged 17, 153–158 (1971).
Huber, G.C.: Four lectures on the sympathetic nervous system. J. comp. Neurol. 7, 73–145 (1897).
Huber, G.C.: A contribution on the minute anatomy of the sympathetic ganglia of the different classes of Vertebrates. J. Morph. 16, 27–90 (1900).
Hukovic, S., Igic, R., Brkic, S.: Reaction of the isolated nerves of lung to electrical stimulation of the associated nerves and to physiologically active substances. Jugoslav, physiol. Pharmacol. Acta 2–3, 119–127 (1965). (Quoted from Burnstock, 1969.)
Hunt, C.C., Nelson, P.G.: Structural and functional changes in the frog sympathetic ganglion following cutting of the presynaptic nerve fibers. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 177, 1–20 (1965).
Hutter, O.F., Loewenstein, W.R.: Nature of neuromuscular facilitation by sympathetic stimulation in the frog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 130, 559–571 (1955).
Itagaki, M.: On the innervation of the stomach of the Japanese frog. Jap. J. med. Sci. 1, 105 (1929). (Quoted from Aikawa, 1931.)
Johnson, S.E.: On the question of commissural neurones in the sympathetic ganglia. J. comp. Neurol. 29, 385–404 (1918).
Jullien, A., Ripplinger, J.: De l’existence de cellules ganglionnaires sur le trajet du pneumogastrique de la Grenouille, Ann. Sci. Univ. Besançon 1, 79–83 (1954).
Kirby, S.E., Burnstock, G.: Comparative pharmacological studies of isolated spiral strips of large arteries from lower Vertebrates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 28, 307–319 (1969a).
Kirby, S.E., Burnstock, G.: Pharmacological studies of the cardiovascular system in the anaesthetised sleepy lizard (Til-iqua rugosa) and toad (Bufo marinus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 28, 321–332 (1969b).
Kisch, B.: Electron microscopy of the frog’s heart. Exp. Med. Surg. 19, 104–142 (1961).
Knowlton, F.P.: Observations on the effect of stimulation of the eight and ninth spinal nerve roots upon the bladder of the toad. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 43, 91–95 (1911).
Kobayasi, S., Yoda, C.: Effects of adrenaline and acetylcholine upon the smooth muscle of isolated lungs of Japanese toads Acta med. biol. (Niigata) 8, 241–250 (1960).
Krogh, A.: Studies on the capillariomotor mechanism. I. The reaction to stimuli and the innervation of the blood vessels in the tongue of the frog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 53, 399–419 (1920).
Krogh, A., Harrop, G.A., Brandt Rehberg, P.: Studies on the physiology of capillaries III. The innervation of the blood vessels of the hind legs of the frog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 56, 179–189 (1922).
Kumar, S.: Nerve endings in the heart of Amphibia. Mikroskopie 27, 235–241 (1971).
Laduron, P., Belpaire, F.: Transport of noradrenaline and dopamine-hydroxylase. Life Sci. 7, 1–7 (1968).
Langley, J.N.: Degenerative changes in nerve endings in striated muscle, in nerve plexuses on arteries and in nerve fibers of frog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 38, 504–512 (1909).
Langley, J.N.: The origin and course of the vaso-motor fibres of the frog’s foot. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 41, 483–498 (1911).
Langley, J.N., Orbeli, L.A.: Observations on the sympathetic and sacral autonomic system of the frog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 41, 450–482 (1910).
Langley, J.N., Orbeli, L.A.: Some observations on the degeneration in the sympathetic and sacral autonomic nervous system of Amphibia. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 42, 113–124 (1911).
Lawrentjew, B.J., Fedorow, B.G.: Observations of living synapses in the frog’s heart. Bull. Vses. Inst. exp. Med. Moscow 8–9, 6–7 (1934). [In Russian.]
Leibovitz, A.: The growth and maintenance of tissue-cell cultures in free gas exchange with the atmosphere. Amer. J. Hyg. 78, 173–180 (1963).
Leontowitsch, A.: Zur Frage der Gefässinnervation bei Rana esculenta. Int. Mschr. Anat. Physiol. 23, 1–18 (1906).
Leontowitsch, A.: Über die Ganglienzellen der Blutgefässe. Z. Zellforsch. 11, 23–45 (1930).
Lissák, K.: Effects of extracts of adrenergic fibers on the frog heart. Amer. J. Physiol. 125, 778–785 (1939).
Livett, B.G., Geffen, L.B., Austin, L.: Proximal-distal transport of 14C-noradrenaline and protein in sympathetic nerves. J. Neurochem. 15, 931–939 (1968).
Loewi, O.: Ueber humorale Uebertragbarkeit der Herznerven-wirkung. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 189, 239–242 (1921).
Loewi, O.: Quantitative und qualitative Untersuchungen über den Sympathicusstoff. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 237, 504–514 (1936).
Loewi, O., Navratil, L.: Über humorale Übertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung. X. Mitt. Über das Schicksal des Vagusstoffs. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 214, 679–688 (1926).
Lucas, A., Miksicek, J.E.: Nerve cells without central processes in the fourth spinal ganglion of the bullfrog. Science 84, 207–208 (1936).
Luckhardt, A.B., Carlson, A.J.: Studies on the visceral sensory nervous system. VIII. On the presence of vasomotor fibers in the vagus nerve to pulmonary vessels of the amphibian and reptilian lung. Amer. J. Physiol. 56, 72–112 (1921).
Ludwig, C.: Ueber die Herznerven des Frosches. Arch. Anat. Physiol, wiss. Med. 139–143 (1848).
Lutz, B.R., Fulton, G.P., Akers, R.P.: The neuromotor mechanism of the small blood vessels in membranes of the frog (Rana pipiens) and the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) with reference to the normal and pathological conditions of blood flow. Exp. Med. Surg. 8, 258–287 (1950).
MacLean, J.R., Bell, C., Burnstock, G.: Histochemical and pharmacological studies on the innervation of the urinary bladder of the frog (Rana temporaria). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 21, 383–392 (1967).
MacLean, J.R., Burnstock, G.: Histochemical localization of catecholamines in the urinary bladder of the toad (Bufo marinus). J. Histochem. Cytochem. 14, 538–548 (1966).
MacLean, J.R., Burnstock, G.: Innervation of the lungs of the toad (Bufo marinus). II. Fluorescent histochemistry of catecholamines. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 22, 767–773 (1967).
MacLean, J.R., Burnstock, G.: Axoplasmic flow of adrenaline and monoamine-oxidase in amphibian sympathetic nerves. Z. Zeilforsch. 124, 44–56 (1972).
MacMahan, U.J., Kuffler, S.W.: Viewing cholinergic synaptic areas on living nerve cells of the frog’s heart. In: Excitatory Synaptic Mechanisms (P. Andersen and J.K.S. Jansen, eds.), p. 57–66. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget 1970.
MacMahan, U.J., Kuffler, S.W.: Visual identification of synaptic boutons on living ganglion cells and varicosities in postganglionic axons in the heart of the frog. Proc. roy. Soc. B 177, 485–508 (1971).
Maillet, M.: Le réseau sympathique terminal du rein (Rana escul.). Bull. Ass. Anat. 74, 474–478 (1953).
Maillet, M.: Innervation sympathique du rein: son rôle trophique. Acta neuroveg. (Wien) 20, 155–180 (1959).
Maillet, M.: La technique de Champy à losmium-iodure de potassium et la modification de Maillet à l’osmium-iodure de zinc. Trab. Inst. Cajal Invest, biol. 54, 1–36 (1962).
Majcen, Z., Brzin, M.: Localization and activity of cholinester-ases in Bidder’s ganglion cells and nerve fibers of frog heart. Histochemie 25, 217–224 (1971).
Majorow, V.N.: Lebendbeobachtung der interneuronalen Verbindungen und Rezeptoren in der Harnblase. Z. mikr.-anat. Forsch. 63, 442–449 (1957).
Majorow, V.N.: Über den Aufbau der lebenden perizellulären Apparate. Z. mikr.-anat. Forsch. 65, 547–556 (1959).
Majorow, V.N.: Über die Dynamik der lebenden interneuronalen Verbindungen (Synapsen) unter experimentellen Bedingungen. Z. mikr.-anat. Forsch. 66, 266–289 (1960).
Majorow, V.N.: (in Russian) On the dynamics of structural changes in living interneuronale junctions (synapses) in experimental conditions. Trud. Inst. Physiol. Pavlov 10, 346–361 (1962).
Majorow, V.N.: Lebendbeobachtungen über die Struktur des perizellulären Apparatus in der argentophoben (farblosen) Phase. Z. mikr.-anat. Forsch. 69, 533–568 (1963).
Majorow, V.N.: Morphology of the reactive states of a vegetative interneuronal synapse (experimental research in vitro). Leningrad: Nauka 1969. [In Russian.]
Marceau, F.: Lieux de terminaison des fibres du pneumogastrique dans le coeur des Batraciens (Grenouille, Crapaud). C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 140, 286–288 (1946).
Märki, F., Axelrod, J., Witkop, B.: Catecholamines and methyltransferases in the South American toads (Bufo marinus). Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 58, 367–369 (1962).
Matty, A.J., Guiness, F.I.: The histochemistry of the urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus, in relation to hormonal studies. J. Anat. (Lond.) 98, 271–275 (1964).
Meves, H.: Die Wirkung von Adrenalin und Adrenalinverwandten auf Gefäße und Muskulatur der Froschlunge. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 258, 200–210 (1953).
Michailow, S.: Das intracardiac Nervensystem des Frosches und die Methode von R. Cajal. Int. Mschr. Anat. Physiol. 25, 351–372 (1908).
Miller, F.: Acid phosphatase localization in renal protein absorption droplets. Proceed. Vth international Congress for electron microscopy. Philadelphia Q2. New York: Acad. Press 1962.
Mitchell, H.C., Thaemert, J.C.: Three dimensions in fine structure. Science 148, 1480–1482 (1965).
Muller, R.: Über die Nervenversorgung des Magendarmkanals beim Frosch durch Nervennetze. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 123, 387–405 (1908).
Nelemans, F.A.: Innervation of the smallest blood vessels. Amer. J. Anat. 83, 43–58 (1948).
Nelemans, F.A.: Liberation of sympathin and acetylcholine by faradic stimulation of the frog’s heart. Acta physiol. Pharmacol, neerl. 2, 51–62 (1951).
Nemiloff, A.: Zur Frage des Nerven des Darmcanals bei den Amphibien. Trav. Soc. imp. Nat. Petersbourg 32 (2), 59–88 (1902).
Nickerson, M., Nomaguchi, G.M.: Blockade of epinephrine-induced cardioacceleration in the frog. Amer. J. Physiol. 163, 484–490 (1950).
Nigol, J.A.C.: Autonomic nervous system in lower chordates. Biol. Rev. 27, 1–49 (1952).
Nikiforowsky, P.M.: On depressor nerve fibers in the vagus of the frog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 45, 459–461 (1913).
Nikolajew, W.: Zur Frage über die Innervation des Froschherzens. Arch. Anat. Physiol., Physiol. Abt., Suppl., 67–73 (1893).
Nikolajew, W.: The vasomotor nerves of the lungs of the frog. Nevrol. Vestn. 10, 12 (1902).
Nishi, S., Soeda, H., Koketsu, K.: Studies on sympathetic B and C neurons and patterns of preganglionic innervation. J. cell. comp. Physiol. 66, 19–32 (1965).
Nishi, S., Soeda, H., Koketsu, K.: Release of acetylcholine from sympathetic preganglionic nerve terminals. J. Neurophysiol. 30, 114–134(1967).
Norberg, K.A., MacIsaac, R.J.: Cellular location of adrenergic amines in frog sympathetic ganglia. Experientia (Basel) 23, 1052 (1967).
Norberg, K.A., Ritzen, M., Ungerstedt, U.: Histochemical studies on special catecholamine-containing cell type in sympathetic ganglia. Acta physiol. scand. 67, 260–270 (1966).
Novikoff, A.B.: Lysosomes in nerve cells. In: The Neuron (H. Hyden, ed.), p. 319–377. Amsterdam-London-New York: Elsevier Publ. Co. 1967.
Novikoff, A.B., Shin, W.Y.: The endoplasmic reticulum in the Golgi zone and its relations to microbodies, Golgi apparatus and autophagic vacuoles in rat liver cells. J. Microscopie (Paris) 3, 187–206 (1964).
Novikoff, P.M., Novikoff, A.B., Quintana, N., Hauw, J.J.: Golgi apparatus, GERL and lysosomes of neurons in rat dorsal root ganglia, studied by thick section and thin section cytochemistry. J. Cell Biol. 50, 859–886 (1971).
Oinuma, S.: On the question of the presence in the frog of vasodilator fibers in the posterior roots of the nerves supplying the foot and in the sciatic nerve. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 43, 343–346(1911).
Okamura, C.: Die Ganglien in der Wand der Bronchien und Alveolen von Mammalien und Amphibien. Z. mikr.-anat. Forsch. 41, 627–639 (1937).
Orbeli, L.A.: Die sympathische Innervation des Skelettmuskeln. Bull. Inst. Sci. Leshaft 6, 194–197 (1923). (Quoted from Hutter and Loewenstein, 1955.)
Ostlund, E.: The distribution of catecholamines in lower animals and their effect on the heart. Acta physiol. scand. 31, Suppl. 112 (1954).
Palay, S.L.: Synapses in the central nervous system. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 2, 193–202 (1956).
Palay, S.L.: The morphology of synapses in the central nervous system. Exp. Cell Res., Suppl. 5, 275–293 (1958).
Palay, S.L., Palade, G.E.: The fine structure of neurons. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 1, 69–88 (1955).
Palay, S.L., Sotelo, C., Peters, A., Orkand, P.M.: The axon hillock and the initial segment. J. Cell Biol. 38, 193–201 (1968).
Patterson, N.F.: The head of Xenopus laevis. Quart. J. micr. Sci. 81, 161–234 (1939).
Patterson, T.L.: Gastric tonus of the empty stomach of the frog. Amer. J. Physiol. 54, 153–165 (1920a).
Patterson, T.L.: Vagus and splanchnic influence on the gastric hunger movements of the frog. Comparative studies. III. Amer. J. Physiol. 53, 293–306 (1920 b).
Pick, J.: Sympathectomy in Amphibians (Anatomical considerations). J. comp. Neurol. 107, 169–207 (1957).
Pick, J.: On the organization of myelinated sympathetic nerve fiber in the frog (Rana pipiens). Anat. Rec. 144, 295–326 (1962).
Pick, J.: The submicroscopic organization of the sympathetic ganglion in the frog (Rana pipiens). J. comp. Neurol. 120, 409–462 (1963).
Pick, J.: The fine structure of sympathetic neurons in X-irradiated frogs. J. Cell Biol. 26, 335–351 (1965).
Pick, J.: The Autonomic Nervous System, p. 107–132 and 215–239. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott 1970.
Piezzi, R.S., Rodriguez-Echandia, E.L.: Studies on the pararenal ganglion of the toad, Bufo arenarum Hensel. I. Its normal fine structure and histochemical characteristics. Z. Zellforsch. 88, 180–186 (1968).
Polumordwinow, D.: Über die Rolle der Nervenzellen des Froschherzens. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 140, 463–470 (1911).
Prentiss, C.W.: The nervous structures in the palate of the frog: the peripheral networks and the nature of their cells and fibers. J. comp. Neurol. 14, 93–117 (1904).
Ranvier, L.: Leçons d’anatomie générale. Appareils nerveux terminaux des muscles de la vie organique. Paris: J.B. Baillère 1880.
Rapela, C.E.: Sensibilidad del recto de sapo y de la rata para la adrenalina y noradrenalina. Rev. Soc. Argent. Biol. 27, 260–262 (1951).
Rashid, S.: The nature of the parasympathetic nerve fibers of the stomach of Rana temporaria. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 195, 247–251 (1972).
Read, J.B., Burnstock, G.: Comparative histochemical studies of adrenergic nerves in the enteric plexuses of vertebrate large intestine. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 27, 505–517 (1968 a).
Read, J.B., Burnstock, G.: Fluorescent histochemical studies of the mucosa of the vertebrate gastrointestinal tract. Histo-chemie 16, 324–332 (1968 b).
Read, J.B., Burnstock, G.: Adrenergic innervation of the gut musculature in Vertebrates. Histochemie 17, 263–272 (1969).
Retzius, G.: Zur Kenntniss der Ganglienzellen des Sympathi-cus. Biol. Förendl. Verh. Biol. Ver. Stockholm 2, 16–25 (1889).
Richardson, K.C.: Electronmicroscopic observations on Auerbach’s plexus in the rabbit, with special reference to the problem of smooth muscle innervation. Amer. J. Anat. 103, 99–135 (1958).
Richardson, K.C.: Electron microscopic identification of autonomic nerve endings. Nature (Lond.) 210, 756 (1966).
Richardson, K.C.: The fine structure of the albino rabbit iris, with special reference to the identification of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves and nerve endings in its intrinsic muscles. Amer. J. Anat. 114, 173–205 (1964).
Robertson, D.R.: The ultimobranchial body in Rana pipiens III. Sympathetic innervation of the secretory parenchyma. Z. Zellforsch. 78, 328–340 (1967).
Robertson, J.D.: The ultrastructure of cell membranes and their derivatives. Biochem. Soc. Symp. Cambridge 16, 3–43 (1959).
Robinson, P.M.: Fine structure of the autonomic innervation of the smooth muscle of the toad lung. J. Anat. (Lond.) 99, 948–949 (1965).
Robinson, P.M., MacLean, J.R., Burnstock, G.: Ultrastructural identification of non-adrenergic inhibitory nerve fibers. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 179, 149–160 (1971).
Rodriguez Echandia, E.X., Donoso, A.O., Pedroza, E.: A further contribution to the study of catecholamine flow in amphibian nerves. Acta physiol. lat.-am. 22, 161–165 (1972).
Rodriguez Echandia, E.L., Donoso, A.O., Zamora, A.: Cate-cholamine-transport in constricted nerve fibers of the toad. Currents in modern Biol. 3, 342–346 (1971).
Rodriguez Echandia, E.X., Zamora, A., Piezzi, R.S.: Organelle transport in constricted nerve fibers of the toad Bufo arenarum Hensel. Z. Zellforsch. 104, 419–428 (1970).
Rogers, D.C., Burnstock, G.: The interstitial cell and its place in the concept of the autonomic ground plexus. J. comp. Neurol. 126, 255–284 (1966 a).
Rogers, D.C., Burnstock, G.: Multiaxonal autonomic junctions in intestinal smooth muscle of the toad (Bufo marinus). J. comp. Neurol. 126, 625–652 (1966 b).
Rosenbluth, J.: Subsurface cisterns and their relationship to the neuronal plasma membrane. J. Cell Biol. 13, 405–422 (1962a).
Rosenbluth, J.: The fine structure of acoustic ganglia in the rat. J. Cell Biol. 12, 329–359 (1962b).
Rosenbluth, J.: Constrast between osmium-fixed and permanganate fixed toad spinal ganglia. J. Cell Biol. 16, 143–157 (1963).
Rybak, B., Ruska, H., Ruska, C.: Ultrastructures nerveuses dans le ventricule du coeur de la Grenouille. Experientia (Basel) 22, 735–737 (1966).
Satchell, D.G., Burnstock, G.: Quantitative studies of the release of purine compounds following stimulation of non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves in the stomach. Biochem. Pharmacol. 20, 1694–1697 (1971).
Schnizer, W., Hoang, N.O., Brecht, K.: Transmitter in der Froschlunge. Pflügers Arch. 304, 271–283 (1968).
Schuller, J.: Über physiologische und pharmacologische Versuche am Rektum des Frosches. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmacol. 90, 196–241 (1921).
Semba, T., Hiraoka, T.: Motor responses of the stomach and small intestine caused by stimulation of the peripheral end of the splanchnic nerve, thoracic sympathetic trunk and spinal roots. Jap. J. Physiol. 7, 64–71 (1957).
Serebriakow, P.: Studien über den feineren Bau des Perizel-lulärapparates der Nervenzellen bei Wirbeltieren. I. Zur Morphologie der Perizellulärapparate in der Froschharnblase. Z. Zellforsch. 12, 1–33 (1930).
Shimada, K., Kobayasi, S.: Neural control of the pulmonary smooth muscle in the toad. Acta med. biol. (Niigata) 13, 297–303 (1966).
Siegrist, G., de Ribeaupierre, F., DoLivo, M., Rouiller, C.: Les cellules chromaffines des ganglions cervicaux supérieurs du Rat. J. Microscopie (Paris), 5, 791–794 (1966).
Siegrist, G., Dolivo, M., Dunant, Y., Foroglou-Kerameus, C., de Ribeaupierre, F., Rouiller, C.: Ultrastructure and function of the chromaffin cells in the superior cervical ganglion of the Rat. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 25, 381–407 (1968).
Siggins, G.R.: Evidence for reciprocal innervation of arterioles in the frog retrolingual membrane. Bibl. anat. (Basel) 9, 328–333 (1967).
Siggins, G.R.: Comparative vasoconstrictor thresholds of arterioles in several thin membranes preparations. Proc. 14th Intern. Congr. Physiol. Sci. 7, 400 (1968).
Siggins, G.R., Berman, H.J.: Quantitative measurements of the effects of pithing and anesthesis on an arteriolar nerve muscle preparation in the frog (Rana pipiens). Physiologist 8, 271 (1965).
Siggins, G.R., Bloom, F.E.: Cytochemical and physiological effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on periarteriolar nerves of frogs. Circulat. Res. 27, 33–38 (1970).
Siggins, G.R., Forman, D.S.: Degenerative effects of 6-amino-dopamine and 6-hydroxydopamine on peripheral adrenergic nerves. Z. Zeilforsch. 146, 339–349 (1973)
Siggins, G.R., Weitsen, H.A.: Cytochemical and physiological evidence for cholinergic, neurogenic vasodilatation of amphibian arterioles and precapillary sphincters. Microvascul. Res. 3, 308–322 (1971).
Singh, I.: Responses of frog’s stomach muscle produced by nervous stimulation presumably due to release of 5-HT. Arch. int. Pharcodyn. 141, 67–74 (1963).
Singh, I.: Seasonal variations in the nature of neurotransmitters in a frog vagus-stomach muscle preparation. Arch. int. Physiol. 72, 843–851 (1964).
Singh, I., Sharma, S., Bhatnagar, O.P.: Absence of secretion of acetylcholine on stimulation of nerves in an unstriated muscle. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. B 49, 129–135 (1959).
Singh, I., Singh, S.I., Bhatnagar, O.P.: Source of acetylcholine in the frog’s heart on stimulation of the vagus nerve. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. B 51, 52–56 (1960).
Singh, I., Singh, S.I., Malhotra, C.L., Prasad, K.: Source of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the frog’s heart on stimulation of the sympathetic nerves. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. B 52, 33–42 (1960).
Smirnow, A.: Über Nervenendknauel in der Froschlunge. Anat. Anz. 3, 258–261 (1888).
Smirnow, A.: Die Struktur der Nervenzellen im Sympathicus der Amphibien. Arch. mikr. Anat. 35, 407–424 (1890).
Smirnow, A.: Zur Kenntniss der Morphologie des sympathischen Ganglionzellen beim Frosche. Anat. Hefte, Abt. I, 14, 409–432 (1900).
Smirnow, A.: Ueber die Nervenendigungen in den Nieren der Saugetiere. Anat. Anz. 19, 347–359 (1901).
Sneddon, J.D., Smythe, A., Satchell, D., Burnstock, G.: An investigation of the identity of the transmitter substance released by non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic excitatory nerves supplying the small intestine of some lower vertebrates. Comp. gen. Pharmacol. 4, 53–60 (1973).
Somlyo, A.P., Somlyo, A.V.: Vascular smooth muscle. Pharmacol. Rev. 20, 197–272 (1968).
Sotelo, C.: Permanence of postsynaptic specializations in the frog sympathetic ganglion cells after denervation. Exp. Brain Res. 6, 294–305 (1968).
Sotelo, C., Taxi, J.: On the axonal migration of catecholamines in constricted sciatic nerve of the rat. A radioau-tographic study. Z. Zellforsch. 138, 345–370 (1973).
Spanner: Untersuchungen über die Nerven der Niere von Rana agilis und Anguis fragilis mit der Methylenblaufärbung. Verh. Anat. Ges. Frankfurt 88–92 (1928).
Staflova, J.: A comparative study of the adrenergic innervation of the iris and ciliary structures in 18 species in phylogenesis. J. Morph. 128, 387–402 (1969).
Stammer, A.: Die mikroskopische Struktur des Ggl. ciliare der Frösche. Acta Biol. Univ. Szeged 11, 127–133 (1965).
Steinach, E.: Über die visceromotorischen Functionen der Hinterwurzeln und ihre tonische Hemmungswirkung der Medulla oblongata auf den Darm des Frosches. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 71, 523–554 (1898).
Steinach, E., Wiener, H.: Motorische Funktionen hinterer Spinalwurzeln. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 60, 593–622 (1895).
Stirling, W., MacDonald, J.F.: The minute structure of the palatine nerves of the frog and the termination of nerves in blood-vessels and glands. J. Anat. Physiol. 17, 293–307 (1883).
Tandler, B., Hoppel, C.L.: Mitochondrion. New York-London: Academic Press 1972.
Taxi, J.: Cellules de Schwann et “cellules interstitielles de Ca-jal” au niveau des plexus nerveux de la musculature intestinale du Cobaye: retour aux définitions. Arch. Anat. micr. Morph, exp. 41, 281–304 (1952).
Taxi, J.: Sur la structure des travées du plexus d’Auerbach: confrontation des données fournies par le microscope ordinaire et par le microscope électronique. Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., 12ème sér., I, 571–593 (1959).
Taxi, J.: Etude de l’ultrastructure des zones synaptiques dans les ganglions sympathiques de la Grenouille. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 252, 174–176 (1961a).
Taxi, J.: Etude au microscope électronique de ganglions sympathiques de Grenouille. Bull. Ass. Anat. 47th Meet. Naples, 786–794 (1961b).
Taxi, J.: Etude au microscope électronique de synapses ganglionnaires chez quelques Vertébrés. IV Congr. Intern. Neuropath. 2, 197–203 (1962).
Taxi, J.: Etude de certaines synapses interneuronales du système nerveux autonome. Acta neuroveg. (Wien) 26, 360–370 (1964).
Taxi, J.: Contribution à l’étude des connexions des neurones moteurs du système nerveux autonome. Ann. Sci. Nat., 12ème sér., 7, 413–674 (1965).
Taxi, J.: Observations on the ultrastructure of the ganglionic neurons and synapses of the frog Rana esculenta L. In: The Neuron (H. Hydén, ed.), p. 221–254. Amsterdam-London-New York: Elsevier Publ. Co. 1967.
Taxi, J.: Morphological and cytochemical studies on the synapses in the autonomic nervous system. In: Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission (K. Akert and P.G. Waser, eds.), p. 5–20. Amsterdam-London-New York: Elsevier Publ. Co. 1969.
Taxi, J., Sotelo, C.: Le problème de la migration des catécholamines dans les neurones sympathiques. Rev. neurol. 127, 23–36 (1972).
Tennyson, V.M., Brzin, M., Duffy, P.E.: Electron microscopic cytochemistry and microgasometric analysis of Cholinesterase in the nervous system. In: Progress in Brain Research (A. Latjha and Ford, D.H., eds.), vol. 29, p. 41–61. Amsterdam-London-New York: Elsevier Publ. Co. 1967.
Thaemert, I.C.: Ultrastructural interrelationships of nerve processes and smooth muscle cells in three dimensions. J. Cell Biol. 28, 37–49 (1966a).
Thaemert, J.C.: Ultrastructure of cardiac muscle and nerve contiguities. J. Cell Biol. 29, 156–162 (1966 b).
Tiegs, O.W.: Studies on plain muscle. Aust. J. exp. Biol. med. Sci. 1, 131–150(1924).
Tiegs, O.W.: The structure of the neurone junctions in sympathetic ganglia and in the ganglia of Auerbach’s plexus. Aust. J. exp. Biol. med. Sci. 3, 79–98 (1926).
Tramezzani, J.H., Chicchio, S., Wassermann, G.F.: A technique for light and electron microscopic identification of adrenalin and noradrenalin-storing cells. J. Histochem. Cy-tochem. 12, 890–899 (1964).
Tsuchiya, S.: (in Japanese) Lung automatism in Japanese toad. J. Physiol. Soc. Jap. 21, 272–279 (1959).
Tumanzew, D. J.: Zur Lehre über das Nervensystem des Herzens. Arch. mikr. Anat. 36, 483–506 (1890).
Uchizono, K.: On different types of synaptic vesicles in sympathetic ganglia of amphibia. Jap. J. Physiol. 14, 210–219 (1964).
Uchizono, K., Ohsawa, K.: Morpho-physiological considerations on synaptic transmission in the amphibian sympathetic ganglion. Acta physiol. pol. 24, 205–214 (1973).
Uyeno, K.: The sympathetic innervation of the skin of the toad. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 56, 359–366 (1922).
Verzar, F.: Untersuchungen über die Funktion der glatten Muskulatur der Lunge (Versuche an der Froschlunge). Helv. med. Acta, Pars Physiol., Suppl. V, 58–67 (1940).
Vogt, M.: Über die Stoffliche Grundlage der Darmbewegungen und des Vagusriezes am Darm. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmakol. 206, 1–11 (1949).
Voigt, R.: Ein Verfahren zur Beobachtung vasomotorischer Wirkungen an der Froschlunge und einige damit erzielte Ergebnisse. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. exp. Path. Pharmakol. 192, 170–188 (1939).
Vorobiev, V.S.: On morphology of interneuronal connections in intramural ganglia of Amphibia Arkh. Anat. Gistol. Embr. 51, 71–75 (1966). [In Russian.]
Watlington, C.O., Burke, P.K., Campbell, A.D., Hue, E.G.: Systemic effects of epinephrine in the frog. J. cell. comp. Physiol. 65, 337–354 (1965).
Watzka, M.: Vergleichende Untersuchungen über den ultimo-branchialen Körper. Z. mikr.-anat. Forsch. 34, 485–533 (1933).
Welsh, J.H.: The quantitative distribution of 5-hydroxytrypta-mine in the nervous system, eyes and other organs of some Vertebrates. In: Comparative Neurochemistry (D. Richter, ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press 1964.
Whitear, M.: The vesicle population in frog skin nerves. J. Neurocytol. 3, 49–58 (1974a).
Whitear, M.: The nerves in frog skin. J. Zool. 172, 503–529 (1974 b).
Wolfe, D.E., Potter, L.T., Richardson, K.C., Axelrod, J.: Localizing tritiated norepinephrine in sympathetic axons by electron microscope radioautography. Science 138, 440–442 (1962).
Wolff, M.: Ueber die Ehrlich’sche Methylenblaufärbung und über Lage und Bau einiger peripherer Nervenendigungen. Arch. Anat. Entw. Anat. Abt. Arch. Anat. Physiol. 155–188 (1902).
Wong, W.C.: The myenteric plexus in the oesophagus of the toad (Bufo melanostictus). Acta anat. (Basel) 85, 52–62 (1973).
Wong, W.C., Sit, K.H., No, K.K.F., Chin, K.N.: The submucous plexus in the small intestine of the toad (Bufo melanostictus). Acta anat. (Basel) 79, 60–69 (1971a).
Wong, W.C., Sit, K.H., Ng, K.K.F., Chin, K.N.: A Cholinesterase study of the enteric plexuses in the toad (Bufo melanostictus). Acta anat. (Basel) 80, 82–90 (1971b).
Wood, M.E., Burnstock, G.: Innervation of the lung of the toad (Bufo marinus). I. Physiology and pharmacology. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 22, 755–766 (1967).
Woods, R.I.: Changes in content and interneuronal distribution of adrenaline in frog’s heart after cutting both vagosympathetic trunks. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 192, 48P–50P (1967).
Woods, R.I.: The innervation of the frog’s heart. I. An examination of the autonomic postganglionic nerve fibers and a comparison of autonomic and sensory ganglion cells. Proc. roy. Soc. B 176, 43–54 (1970 a).
Woods, R.I.: The innervation of the frog’s heart. II. The effects of axotomy on the adrenalin content of the sympathetic nerve fibers. Proc. roy. Soc. B 176, 55–61 (1970b).
Woods, R.I.: The innervation of the frog’s heart. III. Electron microscopy of the autonomic nerve fibers and their vesicles. Proc. roy. Soc. B 176, 63–68 (1970c).
Yamagishi, S., Azuma, T.: Innervation of renal blood vessels of the toad. Jap. J. Physiol. 13, 399–412 (1963).
Yamamoto, T.: Some observations on the fine structure of the sympathetic ganglion of bullfrog. J. Cell Biol. 16, 159–170 (1963).
Yamauchi, A.: Innervation of the vertebrate heart as studied with the electron microscope. Arch. Histol. Jap. 31, 83–117 (1969).
Yuh, L.: On the innervation of the stomach of the Japanese frog. Jap. J. med. Sci. Biophys. 2, 25–33 (1931).
Zweifach, B.W.: A note on the distribution of nerves to the small blood vessels in the mesentery of the frog. Anat. Rec., Suppl. 70, 104 (1938).
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1976 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Taxi, J. (1976). Morphology of the Autonomic Nervous System. In: Frog Neurobiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66316-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66316-1_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-66318-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-66316-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive