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1 Fungi from PCR to Genomics: The Spreading Revolution in Evolutionary Biology

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Systematics and Evolution

Part of the book series: The Mycota ((MYCOTA,volume 7A))

Abstract

We are in the golden age of fungal evolutionary biology. In this introductory chapter, we celebrate the progress in unraveling fungal relationships that paralleled the spread of the polymerase chain reaction and successive breakthroughs in DNA sequencing. Fungal molecular ecology, population genetics, and studies of adaptive evolution are exploding as improved sequencing technology brings individual genomes into focus. By broad consensus, fungi can now be classified by their evolutionary relationships. Kingdom Fungi, along with animals, are opisthokonts that originated from a unicellular ancestor with a single posterior flagellum at some stage in its life cycle. Fungi can be phylogenetically defined as the sister group to a clade including two amoeboid genera, Nuclearia and Fonticula. Neither of these genera has a cell wall during its feeding stage, and the earliest fungi were likely similarly phagotrophic and wall-less while feeding. Biochemical traits, including chitinous walls, ergosterol as the main membrane sterol, and lysine biosynthesis by the alpha-aminoadipate pathway, help define fungi, but whole-genome analyses show that the traits’ evolutionary origins predate fungi. Highlighting the difficulties of a morphological definition of fungi, phylogenetic analysis shows that funguslike organisms arose convergently in unrelated clades to become important parasites and saprotrophs. We speculate that their tractable genomes will continue to make the fungal groups outlined in this book prime subjects for research linking genotypes, phenotypes, and ecological interactions.

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Acknowledgments

Financial support to J. Taylor was provided in part by National Institutes of Health NIH Grant R24 GM081597 and National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant DEB 05-16511 and to M. Berbee by NSF DEB-0732984, Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life, and from a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery grant.

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  1. Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA

    John W. Taylor

  2. Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4

    Mary L. Berbee

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  1. Dept. Plant Biology, University of Minesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA

    David J. McLaughlin

  2. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

    Joseph W. Spatafora

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Taylor, J.W., Berbee, M.L. (2014). 1 Fungi from PCR to Genomics: The Spreading Revolution in Evolutionary Biology. In: McLaughlin, D., Spatafora, J. (eds) Systematics and Evolution. The Mycota, vol 7A. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55318-9_1

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