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Crystallization from Gels

  • Chapter
Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Among the various crystallization techniques, crystallization in gels has found wide applications in the fields of biomineralization and macromolecular crystallization in addition to crystallizing materials having nonlinear optical, ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, and other properties. Furthermore, by using this method it is possible to grow single crystals with very high perfection that are difficult to grow by other techniques. The gel method of crystallization provides an ideal technique to study crystal deposition diseases, which could lead to better understanding of their etiology. This chapter focuses on crystallization in gels of compounds that are responsible for crystal deposition diseases. The introduction is followed by a description of the various gels used, the mechanism of gelling, and the fascinating phenomenon of Liesegang ring formation, along with various gel growth techniques. The importance and scope of study on crystal deposition diseases and the need for crystal growth experiments using gel media are stressed. The various crystal deposition diseases, viz. (1) urolithiasis, (2) gout or arthritis, (3) cholelithiasis and atherosclerosis, and (4) pancreatitis and details regarding the constituents of the crystal deposits responsible for the pathological mineralization are discussed. Brief accounts of the theories of the formation of urinary stones and gallstones and the role of trace elements in urinary stone formation are also given. The crystallization in gels of (1) the urinary stone constituents, viz. calcium oxalate, calcium phosphates, uric acid, cystine, etc., (2) the constituents of the gallstones, viz. cholesterol, calcium carbonate, etc., (3) the major constituent of the pancreatic calculi, viz., calcium carbonate, and (4) cholic acid, a steroidal hormone are presented. The effect of various organic and inorganic ions, trace elements, and extracts from cereals, herbs, and fruits on the crystallization of major urinary stone and gallstone constituents are described. In addition, tables of gel-grown organic and inorganic crystals are provided.

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Abbreviations

COD:

calcium oxalate dihydrate

COM:

calcium oxalate-monohydrate

DCPD:

dicalcium-phosphate dihydrate

EPR:

electron paramagnetic resonance

FTIR:

Fourier-transform infrared

HAP:

hydroxyapatite

MAP:

magnesium ammonium phosphate

MHP:

magnesium hydrogen phosphate-trihydrate

MSUM:

monosodium urate monohydrate

NLO:

nonlinear optic

OCP:

octacalcium phosphate

PEO:

polyethylene oxide

PSP:

pancreatic stone protein

PVA:

polyvinyl alcohol

TCP:

tricalcium phosphate

TMOS:

tetramethoxysilane

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  1. Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University Chennai, Sardar Patel Road, 600025, Chennai, India

    S. Narayana Kalkura

  2. School of Physics, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai, India

    Subramanian Natarajan

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Narayana Kalkura, S., Natarajan, S. (2010). Crystallization from Gels. In: Dhanaraj, G., Byrappa, K., Prasad, V., Dudley, M. (eds) Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74761-1_48

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