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Algal Toxins and Human Health

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Quality and Treatment of Drinking Water II

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC5,volume 5 / 5C))

Abstract

The blue-green algae, more correctly called cyanobacteria, are becoming an increasing problem in fresh, brackish and marine waters. They respond to increased nutrient concentrations in the water, particularly soluble phosphorus, to form water-blooms. Frequently these water-blooms are toxic to livestock, and present a potential hazard to human health. Cyanobacterial neurotoxins include anatoxin-a, a neuromuscular blocking agent; anatoxin-a(s) an antiacetylcholinesterase, and saxitoxins, the paralytic shellfish poisons which block axonal sodium channels. Hepatotoxins include the cyclic peptide toxins microcystin and nodularin, which cause severe liver injury and promote tumour growth and the alkaloid toxin cylindrospermopsin which causes widespread tissue injury, including damage to the gastrointestinal lining, liver and kidneys. Exposure to these toxins can be through recreational activities in lakes and rivers, through the drinking water supply, or through water used in renal dialysis. Examples of human illness from these three sources occur. Water treatment can be developed to extract or destroy the toxins. Human epidemiological studies are needed to support the experimental animal studies in order to refine recommendations for guideline concentrations for cyanobacterial toxins in drinking water.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia

    Ian R. Falconer

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  1. Ian R. Falconer
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  1. Laboratory for Water and Drinking Water Research, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (rivm), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, NL-3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    Jiři Hrubec

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© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Falconer, I.R. (1998). Algal Toxins and Human Health. In: Hrubec, J. (eds) Quality and Treatment of Drinking Water II. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 5 / 5C. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68089-5_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68089-5_4

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