Abstract
Benzene, toluene, the xylenes, ethyl benzene, styrene, isopropyl benzene (cumene), chlorobenzene, the dichlorobenzenes, nitrobenzene, diphenyl, naphthalene, 1-methyl-naphthalene, 2-methyl-naphthalene, 2,6-dimethyl-naphthalene, and 2,6diisopropyl naphthalene are the most important volatile aromatics of commercial significance. These compounds do not occur in the environment naturally except as constituents of petroleum which may seep into the oceans from underground deposits. The occurrence of these products in the environment is thus mainly or exclusively of man-made origin, as distinct from other hydrocarbons such as methane, terpenoids, polycyclic aromatics.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Winnacker-Kuchler: Chemische Technologie, Vol. 3 (1971)
Collin, G., Zander, M.: Erdöl und Kohle-Erdgas-Petrochem. 33, 557 (1980)
Kirk-Othmer’s Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 13 (1967), Interscience Encyclopedia Inc. New York
Ullmanns Encyclopädie der Technischen Chemie, 4th Ed. Vol. 8 (1974), Verlag Chemie Weinheim 3a.Stanford Res. Inst. Chem. Econom. Handbooks, 1979
Oeldorado 78, Esso, Zürich 1979
Korte, F., Boedefeld, E.: Ecotoxicol. Environm. Safety 2, 55 (1978)
Fate and Effects of oil in the sea, Exxon Background Ser. 12 (1978) New York, and Petroleum in the Marine Environment, National Acad. Sci. Washington 1975
Esso Magazin 1/78 p. 20, Hamburg
Esso-Informations-Programm Nr. 16, Ottokraftstoff, Hamburg
Winter, G. (BASF): Swiss Chem. 1, Nr. 7/8 (1979); Chem. Rundschau 32, Nr. 39, (26. Sept. 1979 )
Motorenbenzin und Umwelt, Rep. Swiss Expert Comm. Fed. Departm. Home Affairs, July 1976
Moll, W.L.H.: Taschenbuch Umweltschutz, Darmstadt 1973
Merian, E.: Chem. Rundschau 27, Nr.42, (16. Oct. 1974 )
Vapor-phase organic Pollutants, Nat. Acad. Sci. Washington 1976
Amer. Petroleum Inst., Washington. Personal Communication, Sept. 1979
Mineralölwirtschaftsverband, Hamburg, Personal Communication, July 1979
Messung u. Ermittlung v. Kohlenwasserstoff-Emissionen, Ber. 16/76, Umweltbundesamt, Berlin 1976
Concawe Report 1/73: Benzene in Motor Gasoline, Den Haag 1973
Martin, W.: Plan 35, 14 (1978)
Concawe Rep. 3/73: Effect of Gasoline Aromatics Content on Exhaust Emissions, Den Haag 1973
Umwelt, Nr.66 (19. Jan. 1979 ); U.W.D., 9, Nr.4 (8. Febr. 1979 )
Oelert, H.H.: Erdöl u. Kohle, Erdgas Petrochem. 27, 146 (1974)
Oelert, H.H., et al.: Dechema-Kolloq. 1975: Abgasemission individueller Kohlenwasserstoffe aus Ottomotoren (Air Poll. Abstr. 076392)
Shinohara et al.: Tokyo Symp. 1975, Fuel Composition and Emission (Air Poll. Abstr. 0766805)
Santodonato, J. et al.: Health Effects Associated with Diesel Exhaust, Emissions EPA–600/1–7–063 (1978)
Aus der Sprache des Oels, Mineralöl-Wirtschaftsverband e.V. 1975
Verkehrstaschenbuch 1976/77, Aral, Bochum, 1976
Huisingh, J. et al.: Application of Bioassay to the Characterization of Diesel Particle Emissions, EPA–600/9–78–027, Sept. 1978
Benzene Emission Control Costs in Selected Segments of the Chemical Industry — An Analysis of the F.D. Shell Inc., Florham Park N.J., USA 1978
Goethel, G.F.: Achema-Meet., Frankfurt/Main 1979: Sicherer Umgang mit Benzol
Shuster, W.W.: Meet. Air Pollution Contr. Assoc. Boston, Mass. 1975: Partial combustion and Pyrolysis of Solid wastes (Air Poll. Abstr. 077704)
Bradowsky, T.P., Wilson, N.B., Scott, W.J.: Anal. Chem. 48, 1812 (1976)
Markt+Betrieb, Chem. Ind. 32, 81, 106–107, 148–150 (1980)
Marsden, C.: Solvent Guide, London 1963
Kirk-Othmer’s Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 20 (1969), Interscience, New York 33 Kankocho, Kogai et al.: Rep. Comm. Control of Hydrocarbons Sources, Tokyo, Sept. 1976 (Air Poll. Abstr. 100154)
Tsuritani et al.: Print J. 57,3 (1974): Labor Health and Pollution Control (Air Poll. Abstr. 069282)
Basler Zeitg. Nr. 179 (3. Aug. 1979 )
Winnacker-Küchler: Chemische Technologie, Vol. 4 (1972)
Kirk Othmer’s Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 22 (1970), Interscience Encyclopedia Inc. New York
Ibid. Vol. 19 (1969)
Winnacker-Küchler: Chemische Technologie, Vol. 5 (1972)
Dörfel, H.: 12th Int. TNO Conf., Rotterdam, 1979, Innovation in the Chemical Industry. Chem. Rundschau 32, Nr.13 (28. March 1979 )
Malotsev, V.V., et al.: Plast. Massy 5, 35 (1975): Identification of Substances released by Polystyrene Products (Air Poll. Abstr. 079549)
Nishikawa, et al.: Imono 46,715 (1974): Odors Exhausted in Foundry and its Control (Air Poll. Abstr. 071346)
Ullmann’s Encyclopädie d. Techn. Chem. 4th Ed., Vol. 9 (1975)
Safe, S., Plugge, H.: Chemosphere 6, 641 (1977)
Sumino, K.: Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6, 365 (1977)
Roesijadi, G., et al.: Environ. Pollut. 15, 223 (1978)
Malins, D.C., Collier, T.K., Roubal, W.T.: Aquat. Poll. Biol. Eff. 298, 482 (1977); Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 5, 513 (1977); Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 6, 55 (1979); Chem. Rundschau 32, Nr.20 (17. Mai 1978 )
Neff, J.M., Anderson, J.W.: Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14, 122 (1975); Sources, Effects and Sinks of Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment, Washington, Proc. p. 216 (1976)
Varanasi, U., et al.: Arch. Environ. Contam, Toxicol. 8, 203 (1979); Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 44, 277 (1978)
Schwarz, F.P., et al.: J. Chem. Eng. Data 22, 270 (1977)
Dean-Raymond, D., in: Development in Industrial Microbiology, Vol. 16, Soc. Biol. Sci., Washington D.C. 1975, p. 97
Schomburg, G.: Gaschromatographie, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1977
Chrompack News, no.29 (1980)
Li**sky, W., Domsky, I.I., Ward, J.: J. Gas Chromatogr. 1965, 152
Sauerland, H.-D., Zander, M.: Erdöl u. Kohle-Erdgas-Petrochem. 25, 526 (1972)
Sauerland, H.-D., Zander, M., ibid. 19, 502 (1966)
Grob, K., Grob, G.: J. Chromat. 62, 1 (1971)
D’Orazio, M.: Appl. Spectrosc. 33, 278 (1979)
Hester, N.E., Meyer, R.A.: Environmental Science & Technology 13, 107 (1979)
Swinnerton, J.W., Linnenbom, V.J.: J. Gas Chromatogr. 5, 570 (1964)
Zander, M.: Phosphorimetry — The Application of Phosphorescence to the Analysis of Organic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, London 1968
Hornig, A.W.: Internat. Congr. Analyt. Techniques in Environm. Chem., Barcelona, Nov. 27–29, 1978
Walther, H.: Informationstagung Spektroskopie, Salzburg, Sept. 17–21, 1979
Grob, K.: Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 10. Sept. 1973 (Nr. 419) Aug. 1980
Study of Swiss Fed. Inst. for Water Ressources and Water Poll. Control (EAWAG) Dübendorf, 1974
Nelson, P.F., et al.: Clean Air J. 11, 1 (1977)
Garrison, A.W. (EPA, Athens, Georgia 30613, USA.) Personal communication
Petroff, N. (Inst. du Petrol, F-92502 Rueil Malmaison, France): Tentative Method for Detection of Aromatic Hydrocarbons (C6 to C9) in Polluted Water, see Concawe-Rep. Nr. 3/79 (187)
Esso-Magazin 3/78, p.22 (Hamburg 1978), see also Concawe’s Assesment of the Environmental Impact of Refinery Effluents, Concawe Report 1/80, Den Haag Febr. 1980 and 5 /79, November 1980
Yang, W.C., Hsing Wang: Water Res. 11, 879 (1977)
Lu Po-Yung, Metcalf, R.L.: Env. Health Perspect. 10, 269 (1975)
Vogel, H.U.: Chemiker-Kalender, Springer-Verlag 1956
CRC-Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 47th Ed. 1966/1967, CRC-Press, Cleveland, Ohio
Timmermans, J., in: Physico-chemical Constants of Pure Organic Compounds, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1950
Dictionary of Organic Compounds, London 1965
Beilstein, 3. und 4. Ergänzungswerk, Vol. 5, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1978
Mackay, D., Shiu (Dep. Chem. Engin. and Applied Chem., Univ. Toronto, Can. ), Personal communications, 1979
Gäb, S., et al.: Nature (London) 270, 331 (1977)
Nwanko, J., Amos, T.: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 237, 397 (1974)
Kasoaka, Sh., et al.: Congr. Proc. Jap. Soc. Chem. Eng. Tokyo 1975, p. 213
Pope, D., Walker, D.S., Moss, R.L.: Atmos. Environ. 10, 951 (1976)
Atkinson, R., Pitts, J.N. Jr.: J. Phys. Chem. 78, 1780 (1974)
Nojima, K., et al.: Ann. Rep. Kanagana Pref. Env. Cent. 6, 45 (1975)
Nojima, K., et al.: Techn. Rept. Air Pollution 17, 145 (1975)
Nojima, K., et al.: Chemosphere 4, 77 (1975)
Nojima, K., et al.: Tech. Rept. Air Pollution 18, 162 (1976)
Nojima, K., Kanno, S.: Chemosphere 6, 371 (1977)
Nojima, K., et al.: Japan Soc. Pharmacy, Tokyo, 1975, p. 109
Doyle, G.J., et al.: Environ. Sci. Techn. 9, 237 (1975)
Futsuhara, N., et al.: Int. Clean Air Congr. Proc. 4, 478 (1977)
Akimoto, H., et al.: Conf. Proc. Int. Photochem. Oxidant Poll. Control, Raleigh, II, 737 (1976/ 1977 )
Inoue, G., et al.: Conf. Proc. Chem. Society, Japan, Tokyo 34 (1976)
Nojima, K., et al.: Techn. Rept. Air Poll. 19, 128 (1977); Nojima, K., et al.: Chemosphere 5, 25 (1976)
Shinohara, H.: Lecture Meet. Japan Soc. Automotive Engineers Science, Tokyo, 1975, p. 101
Katou, T.: Bull. Inst. Env. Sci. Technol., Yokohama, 1, 37 (1974)
Shinoyama, E.: J. Japan Soc. Air Poll. 10, 264 (1975)
Chu, R.R.-C.: Univ. Microfilms 74–11, 412 (1974) Ann. Arbor Mich.
Sozuki, T. et al.: Lecture Meet. Japan Soc. Automotive Engin. Science, Tokyo 1975, p. 597
Lipeles, M., Ratto, J.: Air Poll. Abstr. 104489
Kallio, R.E.: Sources, Effects and Sinks of hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment, Washington 1976, p. 218
Parker, P.L., et al., in: Sources, Effects and Sinks etc., 1976, p. 257
Larson, R.A., et al.: ibid. p.300
Frankenfeld, J.W.: Proc. Joint Conf. Prey. Contr. Oil Spills, 485 (1973)
Hoigné, J., Bader, H.: Proc. Intern. Symp. Ozon and Water, GDCh, Berlin 1977, p. 261; Prog. Water Techn. 10, 657 (1978); Ann. Rep. EAWAG Dübendorf 1977, p. 8
Parker, C.A.: AML Rep. B. 198 (M): The Fate of Crude Oil at Sea
Petroleum in the Marine Environment, Nat. Acad. Sci. 1975
Ivens, G.W.: Ann. Appl. Biol. 39, 418 (1952)
Gibson, D.T. in: Sources, Effects and Sinks etc., 1976, p. 225
Gibson, D.T.: Meet. Noordwijkerhout/Amsterdam 1977, Proc. Aquatic Pollutants, 1978, p.187 (Pergamon; Chem. Rundschau 23, Nov. 1977 )
Schmidt, H.-L., Schmelz, E.: Chemie in unserer Zeit 14, 25 (1980)
Ornai, T., Yamada, K.: Appl. Biol. Chem. 33, 979 (1969)
Davis, R.S., et al.: Canad. J. Microbiology 14, 1005 (1968)
Evans, W.Ch.: Nature (London) 270, 17 (1977)
Dagley, S., Chapman, P.J.: Methods in Microbiol., p.217, Academic Press 1971
Dagley, S.: Essential in Biochemistry 11,81 (1975), Academic Press
Chapman, P.J., Hopper, D.J.: Biochem. J. 110, 491 (1968)
Hopper, D.J., Chapman, P.J.: ibid. 122, 19 (1970)
Knackmuss, H.-J.: Chemiker-Z. 95, 213 (1975)
McKinney, R.E., et al.: Sewage and Ind. Wastes 28, 547 (1956)
Reiner, M., Hegeman, G.D.: Biochemistry 10, 2530 (1971)
Mill, T.: Meeting Noordwijkerhout/Amsterdam 1977, Proc. Aquatic Pollutants, p. 223 (Pergamon 1978); Chem. Rundschau 30, Nr.47 (23. Nov. 1977 )
Lilly, M.D.: Achema-Meet. 1979 (Chem. Rundschau 32, Nr. 36, 5. Sept. 1979 )
Hill, E.C., Cardiff, U.K.: cit. Chem. Rundschau 29, Nr.42 ( 13. Oct. 1976 ): Environmental Research in Great Britain
Davies, J.J., Evans, W.C.: Biochem. J. 91, 251 (1964)
Jeffrey, A.M., et al.: Biochemistry 14, 575 (1975)
Cerniglia, C.E., Gibson, D.T.: Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34, 363 (1977)
Cerniglia, C.E., Hebert, R.L., Szaniszlo, P.J., Gibson, D.T.: Arch. Microbiol. 117, 135 (1978)
Kappeler, Th., Wuhrmann, K., Water Res. 12, 327, 335 (1978)
Schwarzenbach, R.P., et al.: Organic Geochemistry 1, 93 (1978)
Kaspar, H., Leidner, H., Wuhrman, K.: gwf-wasser/abwasser 117, 400 (1976)
Matter-Müller, Chr.A.: Dissertation Nr. 6403, ETH-Zürich (1979)
Mara, S.J., Lee, S.S.: Assessment of human exposure to atmospheric Benzene, EPA 450 (1978)
Pellizari, E.D., Sawicki, E.: The Measurements of carcinogenic vapors in ambient atmospheres, EPA-600 (1977)
a.UWD-Report (Düsseldorf) 10,Nr. 27 (25. Sept. 1980)
Mendenhall, D.D., et al.: Organic Characterization of aerosols and vapor phase compounds in Urban Atmospheres, EPA–600/3–78–031 (1978)
a.Immissionsbelastung durch Kraftfahrzeuge, Umwelt (Bonn) Nr. 77, p. 25 (27. June 1980) 134b.Lahmann, E. et al.: Bundesgesundheitsblatt 21, 75 (1978)
Grob, K.C.: Neue Zürcher Z. 7. Aug. 1972 (Nr.364)
Merian, E.: Chimia 28, 253 (1974)
Air Quality Criteria for Hydrocarbons, 1970, DHEW public.
Lonnemann, W.A., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2, 1017 (1968)
Altshuller, A.P., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol. 5, 1009 (1971)
Lonnemann, K.A., et al.: ibid. 8, 229 (1979)
Perry, R., et al.: Symp. Environment and Health, Paris 1979
Kikuchi, T., Sone, M.: J. Jap. Soc. Air Poll. 9, 109 (1979)
Schewe, G.J., Johnsen, R.J.: EPA internal Rep. 1977
Draft Task Rep. Sampling and Analysis, Battelle-Columbus Lab. 1977
Hester, N.E., Meyer, R.A.: Environ. Sci. Technol. 13, 107 (1979)
Louw, C.W., et al.: Atmosph. Environm. 11, 703 (1977)
Burghardt, E., Jeltes, R.: Atmosph. Environm. 9, 935 (1975)
Raymond, A., Guiochon, G.: Environ. Sci. Technol. 8, 143 (1974)
Bertsch, W., et al.: J. Chromatogr. Sci. 12, 175 (1974)
Kaci, K.N., et al.: J. Jap. Soc. Air Poll. 9, 218 (1974)
Merian, E.: Chem. Rundschau 29, Nr.14 and 42, 31. March and 13. Oct. 1976
Smith, M.J., et al.: Int. Clean Air Congr. Proc., Australia, 1978, p. 18
Altwickler, E.R., et al.: Int. Clean Air Congr. Proc., Tokyo, 1977, p. 520
Kopzijnski, S.L., et al.: J. Air Poll Control Ass. 25, 251 (1975)
Blumer. W.: Fortschr. Med. 93, 1571 (1975)
Hirose, K., et al.: J. Jap. Soc. Air Poll. 10, 586 (1975)
Kankocho, K., Senmon, Sh.: Air Poll. Abstr. 100154 (1976)
Ciccioli, P., et al.: J. Chromatogr. 126, 757 (1976)
Hasegawa, T., et al.: J. Odor Contr. 6, 20 (1977) (Air Poll. Abstr. 103855)
Braszezijnska, Z.: Prac. Lek. 29,182 (1977) (Excerpta Medica)
Bobev, G., Cohen, E.: Probi. Hig. Sofia 2, 63, 1976
Garrison, A.W.: Consultants Rep. Techn. Paper No.9 to the WHO Intern. Ref. Centre for Community Water Supply, Dec. 1976
Keith, L.H.: Identification and Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Water, Ann. Arbor Sc. Publ. 1976
Garrison, A.W.: Meet. Noordwijkerhout/Amsterdam 1977, Proc. Aquatic Pollutants, p. 39 (Pergamon 1978); (Chem. Rundschau 23. Nov. 1977 )
Kraybill, H.F.: ibid., p.419; (Chem. Rundschau 23. Nov. 1977 )
Frentzel-Beyme, R.: Meet. D-6070 Langen, 1979 (Chem. Rundschau 12. Dec. 1979 )
Malle, K.G.: Chem. in unserer Zeit 12, 117 (1978)
Health Effects relating to direct and indirect Re-use of Waste Water for Human Consumption, WHO-Technical Paper no. 7, Geneva 1975
Kuszmaul, H.: Meet. Noordwijkerhout/Amsterdam, 1977, Proc. Aquatic Pollutants, p. 265 (1978)
Zoeteman, B.C.J.: ibid., p. 359
Giger, W.: ibid., p.111; Chem. Rundschau 23. Nov. 1977
Schwarzenbach, R., et al.: Ann. Report EAWAG, Dübendorf 1978, p. 51
Mackay, D.: Meet. Noordwijkerhout/Amsterdam, 1977, Proc. Aquatic Pollutants, p. 175 (1978)
Safe, S.: ibid. p.299 (1978); Chem. Rundschau 30, Nr. 47, 23. Nov. 1977
Information System EPA–R2–73–277, Corvallis, USA
Information System “Monitoring to Detect Previously Unrecognized Pollutants in Surface Water”, EPA 560/6–77–015, Wash. D.C. 1977
J. Water Poll. Contr. Fed. (EPA-Information)
Environm. Sci. Techn. 9, 762, 1174 (1975), EPA-Information
Information System: Industrial Pollution of the Lower Mississippi River, EPA 3/3/7, Dallas (Texas) 1972
Information System: Environmental Appolications of Advanced Instrumental Analyses, EPA FY 73–660/2–74–078
Information System: Analytical Report: New Orleans Area Water Supply, EPA 906/9–75–003, Dallas (Texas) 1972
J. Chromatography 76,45 (1973), Information EPA
Filip, Z.: Pres. Meeting, D-6070 Langen, 1979 (Chem. Rundschau 32, Nr. 50, 12. Dec. 1979 )
Matthess, G.: ibid.
Sontheimer, H.: ibid.
Wolters, N., von Kunowski, J.: ibid.
Concawe Rep. 3/79: Protection of Groundwater from Oil Pollution, Den Haag, Netherlands, 1979
Perry, R.; cit. Chem. Rundschau 29, Nr.42, 13. Oct. 1976: Environm. Res. in Great Britain
Knausenberger, H.: Pres. Meeting, D-6070 Langen, 1979 (Chem. Rundschau 32, Nr. 50, 12. Dec. 1979 )
Boyd, B.D., et al.: Congr. Proc. Sources, Effects and Sinks of Hydrocarbon in the Aquatic Environment, Washington, 1976, p. 38
Brown, R.A., Searl, T.D.: ibid., p.240
The Separation of Oil from Water for North-Sea Oil Operations, Poll. Papers Nr. 6, Centr. Unit. Envir. Poll. Dep. of the Environment, London (1976)
Zsolnay, A., et al.: Environ. Conserv. 5, 295 (1978)
Mazliak, P.: Ann. Nutr. Aliment. 28, 277 (1974)
Bauer, D.: Meet. Achema, 1979 (Chem. Rundschau 32, Nr. 41, 10. Oct. 1979 )
Sterner, J.H., et al.: Assessment of Health Effects of Benzene Germane to low-level Exposure, EPA-600/1, 1978
Fodor, G.G.: Schädliche Dämpfe, VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1972
Benzol am Arbeitsplatz, DFG-Arbeitsgruppe (G. Büttner and D. Henschler), H. Boldt-Verlag, Boppard/Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1974
Human and Animal Toxicology of Benzene, Rep. of CISHEC/IP Joint Working Party (H.G.S. van Raalte et al.), Shell, Den Haag 1978
Nomiyama, K., and H.: Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed. 32, 85 (1974)
Nomiyama, K., and H.: ibid. 32, 75 (1974)
Gut, I.: Europ. Soc, Tox. Dresden, cit. Chem. Rundschau 32, Nr. 35 (1979)
Förster (Frankfurt) and Linder (Hamburg) Chem. Rundschau 29, Nr. 14 (31. March 1976 ): Environmental Research in Germany
Lehmann, H. (Shell): Erdöl und Kohle-Erdgas-Petrochemie 32, 331 (1979)
Berlin, M., et al.: Meet. Europ. Soc. Toxicol. Berlin 1978 (Chem. Rundschau 31, Nr. 34, 23. Aug. 1978 )
Sato, A., et al.: Brit. J. Ind. Med. 32,321 (1975) (Medline)
Radojiac, B.: Arch. Hig. Rada Toksikol. 26, 209 (1975)
Gig. Truda: Zabol Moskwa 1979, Nr.2; cit. Medizin in Osteuropa, Freie Universität Berlin, 10. Aug. 1979; U.W.D.-Umweltschutzdienst, Düsseldorf, 9, Nr. 24, 29. Aug. 1979
Tokunaga, R., et al.: Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed. 33, 257 (1974)
Atkinson, L.P., et al.: Water Air Soil Poll. 8, 235 (1977)
Truhout, R.: Meet. Secotox, Vienna, 1978 (Chem. Rundschau 31, Nr. 47, 22. Nov. 1978 )
Walsh, G.E., Ainsworth, K.A., Faas, L.: Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18, 297 (1977)
Melancon, M.J. Jr., Lech, J.J.: Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 7, 207 (1978)
Bakke, T., Skjoldal, H.R.: Mar. Poll. Bull. 10, 111 (1979)
Oesch, F., Biozentrum CH-4056 Basel, Personal Communication, 1974
Oesch, F.: Meet. Europ. Soc. Toxicol., Berlin, 1978, cit. Chem. Rundschau 31, Nr. 34, 23. Aug. 1978
Jollow, D.J., et al.: Workshop: Quantitative Aspects of Risk Assessment in Chemical Carcinogenesis, Rome, Italy, 1979 (Chem. Rundschau 32. Nr. 19, 9. May 1979 )
Harper, C., et al.: Drug Metab. Disposition 3, 381 (1975)
Snijder, R., Gonasn, L., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 11, 346 (1967); 26, 398 (1973) 219a.Drew, R.T., Fouts, J.R.: ibid. 27, 183 (1974)
Kocsis, J.J.: Lecture Guildford, Surrey, U.K., Sept. 1979; Chem. Rundschau 33, Nr. 4, 23. Jan. 1980
Nakamura, S., Nakajima, T.: Ind. Health 5, 238 (1967)
Gerarde, H.W., Ahlstrom, D.A.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 9, 185 (1966)
Jerina, D.M., et al.: Biochemistry 9, 147 (1970)
Conning, D., Gordon, M.: Symp. Toxicol., Surrey Univ., Guildford, U.K., 1979 (Chem. Rundschau 33, Nr. 4, 23. Jan. 1980 )
Luchi, L.D., Bath, L.J.: Toxicol. Environ. Health (Suppl.) 2, 107 (1977)
Goldstein, B.D.: ibid. 2, 1 (1977)
Haley, F.J.: Clin. Toxicol. 11, 531 (1977)
Albert, R.E., et al.: Carcinogen Assessment Group’s Final Rep. on Population Risk to ambient Benzene Exposure, EPA 1978
Tough, J.M., Smith, P.G.: Europ. J. Cancer 6, 49 (1970)
a.Kala, A. et al.: Bull. Env. Contam. Toxic. 1978, 287
Kilian, D.J., et al.: A Cytogenic study of workers exposed to Benzene in the Texas Division of Dow Chemical, USA, 1978
Picciano, D.: Communication submitted to EPA, 1978
Saito, K., Takakuwa, E.: Jap. J. Ind. Health 16,3 (1974) (Air. Poll. Abstr. 066891)
Borneff, J., et al.: Umweltforschung in d. Bundesrepublik (Chem. Rundschau 29, Nr. 14, 31. March 1976 )
Stöfen, D.: Luftreinhaltung, Umweltmagaz. 34 (1978)
Blumer, W.: Forschr. Med. 93, 1571 (1975)
Overman, O.: Meet. Achema, Frankfurt/M. 1979 (Chem. Rundschau 32, Nr.41, 10. Oct. 1979) 236a. Merian, E.: Chemosphere 9, Nr. 5/6 (June 1980)
Schunk, W. et al.: Z. Ärztl. Fortbild. 71, 932 (1977)
Goodman, S., Gilman, A.: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 1970, p. 930
Verschueren, R.: Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, Van Nostrand, New York 1977
Snijder, R., Kocsis, J.J.: Curr. Concepts of Chronic Benzene Toxicology, CRC crit. Rev. Toxicol. 3, 265 (1975)
Truhaut, R., et al.: Int. Workshop on Toxicology of Benzene, Paris, 1976; Int. Arch. Occ. Environ. Health 41, 65 (1978)
Osawa, S.: Air Poll. Abstr. 84697
Wildman, J.M. et al.: Comm. Chem. Pathol. Pharm. 13, 473 (1976)
Sato, A., et al.: Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London) 32, 210 (1975)
Uyeki, E.M., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 40, 49 (1977)
Khan, H., Khan, M.H.: Arch. Toxicol. 31, 39 (1973)
Speck, B.: Haematol. Bluttransfus. 16, 235 (1975)
Greenblatt, D.R. et al.: Environ. Res. 13, 425 (1977)
Cassan, G., Baron, J.: Arch. Malad. Prof. 17, 602 (1956)
Gallinelli, R.: Med. Lavoro 57,257 (1966) (Zbl. Arbeitsmed. 18,280 (1968))
Sram, R.J.: Meet. Europ. Soc. Tox., Dresden, 1979 (Chem. Rundschau 32, Nr. 35, 29. Aug. 1979 )
Reske: UFOKAT PD-047 (Chem. Rundschau 29, Nr. 14, 31. March 1976 )
Stieglitz, R., et al.: Arch. Geschwulstforsch. 44, 145 (1974)
Brandt, L., et al.: Lancet 2, 1074 (1977)
Tabershaw, I.R., Lamm, S.H.: Lancet 2, 867 (1977)
Snijder, R., et al.: Life Sci. 21, 1709 (1977)
Infante, R.F., et al.: Lancet 2, 76 (1977); 2, 867 (1977)
Askoy, M., et al.: Am. J. Med. 52, 160 (1972); Blut 28, 293 (1974); Blood 44, 837 (1974); Acta Haemat. 55, 65 (1976); Testimony to Occ. Saf. Health Adm., US Dep. Labor, 1977; Blood 52, 285 (1978)
Ott, M.G., et al.: OSHA Benzene Hearings, July—Aug. 1977; Arch. Environ. Health 33, 3 (1978)
Dean, B.J.: Mutat. Res. 47, 75 (1978)
Schlipköter, H.W.: Private Communication; E.C. Commission for Noise Abatement and for Purification of the Atmosphere, 1974, p. 203
Cohen, H.S., et al.: Am. J. Med. Sci. 275, 124 (1978)
Hara, E.I.: Jap. J. Ind. Health 3, 231 (1961)
Novikov, Y.U.: Gig. I. Sanit. 21, 20 (1956); Volkora, A.P.: ibid. 24, 80 (1959); Gusey, J.S.: ibid. 30, 331 (1965); 32, 159 (1967); Gotmelker, V.H.: ibid. 33, 327 (1968); 33, 122 (1968); Karkov, A.P.: ibid. 37, 2 (1972)
Bokina, A.I., et al.: Environ. Health Perspect 13, 37 (1976)
Med. Biol. Lab., TNO Environ, Protection Dep. Rijswijk, The Netherlands (Chem. Rundschau 29, Nr.14, 31. March 1976: Research in the Netherlands )
Rothe, A.: Z. Ärztl. Fortb., Jena, 66, 758 (1972)
Bell, A.: Med. J. Australia, 1,817 (1957); ref. 12
Selikoff, I.J.: IARC Scient. Publ. Nr. 16, 247 (1977)
Withey, R.J., Hall, J.W.: Toxicology 4, 5 (1975)
Aleksandrowicz, J. et al.: Med. Progr. 28, 453 (1977)
Verzilora, O.V., et al.: Gig. I. Sanit. 8, 20 (1978)
Gardner, D.E., et al.: J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 3, 811 (1977)
Inoue, K.: J. Osaka City Med. Center 24,783 (1975) (Excerpta Medica)
Bobey, G., Cohen, E.: Probl. Hig. (Sofia) 2,63 (1976) (Excerpta Medica)
Matsushita, T., et al.: Ind. Health Japan 13,115 (1975) (Air Pollution Abstr. 083489)
Smolik, R., et al.: Ind. Arch. Arbeitsmed. 31, 243 (1973)
Ungvary, G., Ankara, H., et al.: Morphol. Igazsagugyi Orv. Sz. 15,209 (1975) (Medline)
De Rosa, E., et al.: Lay. Um. (Italia) 26, 144 (1974)
Takeuchi, Y., Hisanaga, N.: Brit. J. Ind. Med. 34, 314 (1977)
Andersson, K. et al.: Toxicology Letters 5, 393 (1980)
Schädigung durch Xylol, Münch. Med. Wochenschr. 114, 1302 (1972)
Clark, W.E.: Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 68, 425 (1977)
Mlynarczijk, W., et al.: Med. Pract. 28,243 (1977) (Medline)
Liublina, E.J., et al.: Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 5, 27 (1977) (Medline)
Carpenter, C.P., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 33, 543 (1975)
Ashan, G., et al.: Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh.) 84, 370 (1977)
Altman, A.T.: Arch. Dermatol. 113, 1460 (1977)
Hernberg, Sv. (Helsinki): 2nd Intern. Congr. Toxicol. 1980, Brussels
Seppaleinen, A.M. (Helsinki): 2nd Intern. Congr. Toxicol. 1980, Brussels, cit. for instance by Merian, E.: Chemische Rundschau 33, Nr. 34, p. 5 (20th August 1980 )
Garattini, E., et al.: Experentia 37, 230 (March 1981)
Kluge, A., Korte, F. and Klein, W., “Benzene in the Environment”, Workshop 1980 in Vienna, Austria, Interpretation Data and Evaluation of Current Knowledge, Minutes of the Forum für Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft and Politik e. V., Bonn Reports, Volume 9, March 1981: Benzene evaporates very easily from water, and its half life in water is only about 37 min at room temperature. The time of 50% mineralization in the atmosphere is likely to be about two days. Profile analytical tests show that benzene is not accumulated to a critical extent in algae and in fish. Benzene is also a natural constituent of foodstuffs of plant and animal origin.
Calamari, D.A., Presentation “Ecotoxicological Profile of p-Dichlorobenzene” and “Evaluating the Hazard of Organic Substances on Aquatic Life: The para-Dichlorobenzene Example”, Symposium “The Scientific Basis for the Assessment of Hazards from Chemicals Associated with the Environment”, Imperial College, London September 1981, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (Academic Press) 6 (1982): Calamari, D.A. studied as a model the environmental fate of p-dichlorobenzene, which is produced globally in amounts not less than 80000 t annually. The half-life in a turbulant river of 1 m depth is about one day, and the distribution between water, soil and air adjusts to about 1.3%, resp. 1.2%, resp. 97.5%, especially since p-dichlorobenzene is relatively volatile and only little water soluble. Rhine water contains about 0.004 mg/1, and a water quality standard of 0.05 mg/1 is suggested, mainly because the compound accumulates more in fish hatching than in adult organisms. Acute toxicity levels for algae, daphnia and fish are in the order of 0.8–4.2 mg/1. Fertility of daphnia may be reduced at 0.4 mg/l, whereas no chronical toxicity for fish was discovered at less than 0.1 mg/l. The accumulation in the air could be more critical than the concentrations found in water.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Merian, E., Zander, M. (1982). Volatile Aromatics. In: Anthropogenic Compounds. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 3 / 3B. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-47028-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-47028-1_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-15334-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-47028-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive