Definition
Sanitation according to World Health Organisation (WHO) can be simply defined as infrastructures, facilities, or services provided for protection as well as safe management of human excreta emanating from the toilet via its handling, storage, and treatment onsite or off-site by conveying same waste safely to the end use or disposal (WHO 2018). In the same vein, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) defines sanitation as a broad term which means more than just provision of toilets. It is the deliberate intervention that reduces exposure of man or a community to communicable diseases and this can be achieved by provision of a clean community environment to live in. It also entails the individual and community lifestyle and behaviors as well as available facilities. Both work side by side to ensure a hygienic and safe environment for dwelling (WHO 2018). Technology options in...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ait-Kadi M (2016) Water for development and development for water: realizing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) vision. Aquat Proc 6:106–110
Andersson K, Dickin S, Rosemarin A (2016) Towards “sustainable” sanitation: challenges and opportunities in urban areas. Sustainability 8:1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8121289
Bays HE (2017) Indiana waste solutions kit. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/59c14a89197aeaae961204d0/t/5a30034ce2c48396fe17148c/1513096018922/Compost+Toolkit.pdf. Accessed 28 Jan 2020
Brikké F, Bredero M (2003) Linking technology choice with operation and maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation. A reference document for planners and project staff, Geneva
EAWAG/SANDEC and WSSCC (2000) Summary Report of Bellagio Expert Consultation on Environmental Sanitation in the 21st Century. Duebendorf & Geneva: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology EAWAG & Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council
Graham J, Polizzotto M (2013) Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review. Environ Health Perspect 121:521–530
Gros M, Ahrens L, Level L et al (2020) Pharmaceuticals in source separated sanitation systems: fecal sludge and blackwater treatment. Sci Total Environ 703:135530
Jamwal P, Brown R, Kookana R, Drechsel P, McDonald R, Vorosmarty CJ, van Vliet MTH, Bhaduri A (2019) The future of urban clean water and sanitation – voices. One Earth 1:10–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2019.08.010
Nhamo G, Nhemachena C, Nhamo S (2019) Is 2030 too soon for Africa to achieve the water and sanitation sustainable development goal? Sci Total Environ 669:129–139
Noga J, Wolbring G (2012) The economic and social benefits and the barriers of providing people with disabilities accessible clean water and sanitation – commentary. Sustainability 4:3023–3041. https://doi.org/10.3390/su4113023
Ortigara ARC, Kay M, Uhlenbrook S (2018) A review of the SDG 6 synthesis report 2018 from an education, training, and research perspective. Water 1353(10):1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101353
Reed RA, Scott RE, Shaw RJ (2014) WEDC guide no. 25: simple pit latrines. WEDC, Loughborough University, Loughborough
Spuhler D, Scheidegger A, Maurer M (2018) Generation of sanitation system options for urban planning considering novel technologies. Water Res 145:259–278
SSWM (2018, April 27) Sanitation systems – sanitation technologies – dehydration-vaults. https://sswm.info/sanitation-systems/sanitation-technologies/dehydration-vaults. Accessed 28 Jan 2020
Stenström TA, Seidu R, Ekane N, Zurbrügg C (2011) Microbial exposure and health assessments in sanitation technologies and systems. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Stockholm
Strande L (2017) Introduction to Faecal Sludge Management. Sandec: Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. www.sandec.ch/fsm_tools. Accessed 15 Dec 2019
Tayler K (2018) Faecal Sludge and Septage Treatment: A guide for low- and middle-income countries, Rugby, UK, Practical Action Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3362/9781780449869.001
Tilley E, Ulrich L, Lüthi C, Reymond P, Schertenleib R, Zurbrügg C (2014) Compendium of sanitation systems and technologies, 2nd revised edn. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf
United Nation Children Educational Fund (UNICEF) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (2017) Update and SDG baselines, Geneva. https://washdata.org/report/jmp-2017-report-final. Accessed 5 Nov 2019
United Nations Children’s Fund (2016) Strategy for water, sanitation and hygiene 2016–2030. https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/UNICEF_Strategy_for_WASH_2016_2030.pdf. Accessed 11 Oct 2019
United Nations General Assembly (1987) Report of the world commission on environment and development: our common future. United Nations General Assembly, Oslo. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf. Accessed 15 Jan 2020
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2007) In: Martine G, Marshall A (eds) State of world population 2007: unleashing the potential of urban growth. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), New York
Wasonga J, Okowa M, Kioli F (2016) Sociocultural determinants to adoption of safe water, sanitation, and hygiene practices in Nyakach, Kisumu County, Kenya: a descriptive qualitative study. J Anthropol 2016:Article ID 7434328. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7434328
Winkler MS, Jackson D, Sutherland D et al (2017) Sanitation safety planning as a tool for achieving safely managed sanitation systems and safe use of wastewater. WHO South East Asia J Public Health 6(2):34–40
Women in Europe for a Common Future (2015) Urine diverting dry toilets – principles, operation and construction, 2nd revised edn. www.sanitation.wecf.eu/. Accessed 28 Jan 2020
World Health Organization (2006) WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater, volumes I to IV. World Health Organization, Geneva
World Health Organization (2015) Sanitation safety planning – manual for safe use and disposal of wastewater, greywater and excreta. World Health Organization, Geneva. ISBN: 9789241549240. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/171753/9789241549240_eng.pdf;jsessionid=81D3AD75DEAF3AE74DF4825132D43F5E?sequence=1. Accessed 15 Jan 2020
World Health Organization (2018) Guidelines on sanitation and health. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274939/9789241514705-eng.pdf. Accessed 11 Oct 2019
World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2019) Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2017. https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-report-2019/en/. Accessed 15 Jan 2020
Zurbrügg C, Bufardi A, Tilley E, Maurer M, Truffer B (2009) Decision-making for sanitation systems. Sandec News 10:20–21
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by University College of Technology Sarawak, Malaysia research grant no. UCTS/RESEARCH/4/2019/20. Special thanks to the Centre of Research, Innovation and Sustainable Development (CRISD), of the School of Engineering and technology, UCTS for their provisions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Affam, A.C., Ezechi, H.E. (2022). Sanitation Systems and Technology Options. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A.M., Brandli, L., Lange Salvia, A., Wall, T. (eds) Clean Water and Sanitation. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95846-0_129
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95846-0_129
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-95845-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-95846-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences