Abstract
This is the core chapter of the book dealing with the theoretical principles of the geosystems. Defines the topical and choric models of geosystems, as well as the simplified model of the geocomplexes. There is explained the difference between state variables and typological characteristics of the elements of geosystems. Specific respect is given to the definition of the structures of the landscape. According to the genesis, physical character of the elements and according to the relation of structures to their role and management in planning processes we divide the landscape as geosystem to three substructures. Primary landscape structure is a set of material elements of the landscape and their relations that constitute the original and permanent foundation for other structures. These elements are mainly the elements of the abiotic sphere—the geological base and subsoils, soils, waters, georelief, air. Secondary landscape structure is constituted by human-influenced, reshaped and created material landscape elements that currently cover the Earth’s surface. These are the elements of land use, real biota, man-made objects and constructions. Tertiary (socio-economic) landscape structure is a set intangible (non-material) socio-economic factors/phenomena displayed to the landscape space as interests, manifestations and consequences of the activities of individual sectors that are relevant to landscape. These are the protection and other functional zones of nature and natural resources protection, hygienic and safety zones of industrial and infrastructure objects, zones of declared zones of specific environmental measures, administrative boundaries, etc. Finally, the chapter gives the geosystem definition of the landscape and its reflection in the law in Slovakia. This definition reeds: “Landscape is a complex system of space, location, georelief and other mutually, functionally interconnected material natural elements and elements modified and created by a man, in particular the geological base and soil creating substratum, soil, water bodies, air, flora and fauna, artificial structures and the elements of land use, as well as their connections, which determine also the socio-economic factors related to landscape. Landscape is the environment of man and other living organisms.” The chapter is illustrated by figures and graphics explaining the structure of the geosystem.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Antrop M (2005) From holistic landscape synthesis to transdisciplinary landscape management. In: Tress B, Tress G, Fry G, Opdam P (eds) From landscape research to landscape planning: aspects of integration, education and application, UR Frontis Series, vol 12. Springer Science + Business Media, Wageningen, 5 Sept 2011, pp 27–50. http://library.wur.nl/frontis/landscape_research/03_antrop.pdf.accessed
Antrop M (2013) A brief history of landscape research. In: Howard P, Ian Thompson I, Waterton E (eds) The Routledge companion to landscape studies. Routledge, Oxon, New York, pp 12–22
Antrop M, Van Eetvelde V (2017) Landscape perspectives. The holistic nature of landscape. Springer, Netherlands, p 372
Bailey RG (2002) Ecoregion-based design for sustainability. Nova Iorque: Springer-Verlag, New York
Bastian O (2001) Landscape ecology—towards an unified discipline? Landscape Ecol 16:757–766
Bastian O (2008) Landscape classification between fact and fiction. In: Lechnio J, Kulczyk S, Malinowka E, Szumacher I (eds) Landscape classification. Theory and practice, Warshaw, pp 13–20
Bastian O, Schreiber KF (1994) Analyse und ökologische Bewertung der Landschaft. Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena - Stuttgart, p 502
Bastian O, Kronert R, Lipsky Z (2006) Landscape diagnosis on different space and time scales—a challenge for landscape planning. Landscape Ecol 21:359–374
Bobeck H, Schmithüsen J (1949) Die Landschaft im logischen System der Geographie. Erdkunde 3:112–120
Brandt J (1995) Ecological networks in Denmark. In: Van Buuren M, Jongman R (eds) Ecological networks in Europe, Special issue of the journal “Landschap”, Wageningen, pp 63–76
Brandt J (1999) Geography as ‘landscape ecology’ Dan J Geogr 1(Special Issue):21–32
Breuste J, Kozová M, Finka M (eds) (2009) European landscapes in transformation: challenges for landscape ecology and management european IALE conference 2009, Salzburg (Austria), Bratislava (Slovakia)
Bruns D, Kühne O, Schönwald A, Theile S (eds) (2015) Landscape culture—culturing landscapes. The differentiated construction of landscapes. http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658042837
Bunce RGH, Ryszkowski L, Paoletti MG (1993) Landscape ecology and agroecosystems. Lewis Publishers Conference publication, Boca Raton, FL, p 241
Chorley RJ, Kennedy BA (1971) Physical geography—a system approach. Prentice—Hall Interantional Inc, London, p 370
Christopherson RW, Cunha S, Thomsen CE (2016) Geosystems core. Pearson, p 512
Costanza R, d’Arge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O’Neill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van den Belt M (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260
Csorba P (1987) A tájökológia időszerű kérdései az angol nyelvű szakirodalom alapján. Földrajzi Közlemények 35 (111) (1–2):74–80
Csorba P (1988) The ecogeographical pattern map of Tokaj “Great Hill” and its environs. In: Ruzicka M, Hrnciarová T, Miklós L (eds) Spatial and functional relationships in landscape ecology. VIIIth international symposium on problems of landscape ecological research. IEBE CBES of SAS. IALE East European Region, vol 1. Bratislava, pp 273–284
Csorba P (2008a) Landscape ecological fragmentation of the small landscape units (Microregions) of Hungary based on the settlement network and traffic infrastructure. Ekológia (Bratislava) 27(1):99–116
Csorba P (2008b) A tájhatárok kijelölése és változása. Földrajzi Közlemények 132(2):220–226
Csorba P(2014) A tájszerkezet földrajzi értelmezése. A geographical interpretation of landscape structure. 4D Tájépítészeti és kertművészeti folyóirat. J Landscape Archit Gard Art 36:32–39
Csorba P, Szabó Sz (2012) The application of landscape indices in landscape ecology. In: Tiefenbacher J (ed) Perspectives on nature conservation—patterns, pressures and prospects. pp 121–140. http://www.intechopen.com/books/perspectives-on-natureconservation-patterns-pressures-and-prospects/the-application-of-landscape-indices-in-landscape-ecology
De Groot RS, Alkemade R, Braat L, Hein L, Willemen L (2010) Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecol Complex 6:453–462
Demek J (1974) Systémová teórie a štúdium kra**y. Studia Geographica, 40, Brno, Geografický ústav ČSAV, p 198
Demek J (1978) The landscape as a geosystem. Geoforum 9(1):29–34
Diviaková A (2011) Biotické komplexy pre environmentálny manažment. VKÚ, a. s., Harmanec, p 120
Drdos J, Urbánek J, Mazúr E (1980) Landscape syntheses and their role in solving the problems of environment, vol 32. Geografický Casopis, Bratislava pp 119–l29
Drdoš J, Miklós L, Kozová M, Urbánek J (1995) Základy kra**ného plánovania. Technická univerzita Zvolen, p 172
Ellenberg H (ed) (1973): Ökosystemforschung. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Farina A (1998) Principles and methods in landscape ecology. Chapmann and Hall, London
Feranec J, Oťaheľ J (2001) Kra**ná pokrývka Slovenska/Land cover of Slovakia. Bratislava (Veda)
Finke L (1994) Landschaftsökologie. Westermann Verlag, Braunschweig
Forman RTT (1995) Land mosaics. The ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 632
Forman RTT, Godron M (1981) Patches and structural components for landscape ecology. Bioscience 31:733–740
Forman RTT Godron M (1986) Landscape ecology. Wiley, New York
Golley FB, Bellot J (eds) (1991) Interactions of landscape ecology, planning and design. Landscape Urban Plann 21(1–2):3–11
Grodzinski MD (2005) Piznannya landschaftu: misce i prostir (Understanding Landscape. Place and Space. In Ukrain). Kiev. U 2-x t. Vidavnicsho-poligrafichesky centr Kiivsky universitet. T.1, 431 pp., T.2, 503 pp
Grunewald K, Bastian O (eds) (2015) Ecosystem services—concept, methods and case studies. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, p 312
Gustafson EJ (1998) Quantifying landscape spatial pattern: what is the state of the art? Ecosystems 1:143–156
Guth J, Kučera T (1997) Monitorování změn kra**ného pokryvu s využitím DPZ a GIS. Příroda 10:107–124
Haase G (1973) Zu Inhalt und Terminologie der topischen und chorischen Landschaftserkundung. Beitrag zu IIIrd Internacional Symposium on Problems of Ecological Landscape Research, Smolenice, Bratislava: ÚBK SAV, p 19
Haase G (1978) Zur Ableitung und Kennzeichnung von Naturraumpotentialen. Petermanns Geogr Mitt 122(2):113–125
Haase G (1980) Izučenie topičeskich i choričeskich struktur, ich dinamiki i razvitija v landšaftnych sistemach. In: Structura, dinamika i razvitije landšaftov. Moskva: Institut geografii AN SSSR, pp 57–81
Haase G et al (1991) Naturraumerkundung und Landnutzung. Geochorologische Verfahren zur Analyse, Kartierung und Bewertung von Naturräumen. Beiträge zur Geographie. Berlin, 34, I und II
Haase G (1996) Geotopologie und Geochorologie — Die Leipzig-Dresdner Schule der Landschaftsökologie. In: Haase G, Eichler E (Hrsg): Wege und Fortschritte der Wissenschaft. — Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, Akademie Verlag, pp 201–229
Haber W (1980) Entwicklung und Probleme der Kulturlandschaft im Spiegel ihrer Ökosysteme. Forsiarchiv Jg. 51, H. 12, 245–250
Haber W (2002) Kulturlandschaft zwischen Bild und Wirklichkeit. In: Schweizerisches Akademie der Geistes und Sozialwissenschaften. Bern, Akadenmievorträge, Heft IX, p 19
Haber W (2004) Landscape ecology as a bridge from ecosystems to human ecology. Ecol Res 19:99–106
Haber W (2005) Pflege des Landes – Verantwortung für Landschaft und Heimat. In: Deutscher Rat für Landespflege (ed): Landschaft und Heimat. Schriftenreihe des Deutschen Rates für Landespflege, Meckenheim 77:100–107
Haber W (2007) Vorstellungen über Landschaft. In: Busch B (ed) Jetzt ist die Landschaft ein Katalog voller Wörter. In: Beiträge zur Sprache der Ökologie, 5:78–85
Hofierka J, Šúri M (1996) Modelling spatial and temporal changes of soil water erosion. Geografický časopis 48:255–269
Hrnčiarová T, Miklós L (1991) Morphometric indices in the interpretation of water and material motion dynamics illustrated on the example Dolná Malanta. Ecology (CSFR) 10(2):187–221
Hunziker M, Buchecker M, Hartig T (2007) Space and place—two aspects of the human-landscape relationship. In: Kienast F, Wildi O, Ghosh S (eds) A changing world. Challenges for landscape research, Landscape Series, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 47–62
Hynek A (2010) Kra**a: objekt nebo konstrukt? In: Herber V (ed) Fyzickogeografický sborník 8. Fyzická geografie a kulturní kra**a. MU, Brno, pp 138–142
Hynek A (2011) Geografie – geograficita prostorovost. In: Svobodová H (ed) Prostorovost: místa, území, kra**y, regiony, globiony. Sborník príspěvku z konference. GaREP, s.r.o. Brno, pp 6–50
Isachenko AG (1980) Optimization of the Natural Environment. Moscow: Mysl. Topological Aspects of the Science of Geosystems. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1974
Isachenko AG (1981) Predstavlenije o geosisteme v sovremennoj fizičeskoj geografiji. Izv. VGO Leningrad 113(4):297–306
Iverson AL, Marín LE, Ennis KK, Gonthier DJ, Connor-barrie BT, Remfert JL, Cardinale BJ, Perfecto I (2014) Do polycultures promote winâ wins or tradeâ offs in agricultural ecosystem services? A metaâ analysis. J Appl Ecol 51(6):1593–1602
Jones KB, Zurlini G, Kienast F, Petrosillo I, Edwards T, Wade TG, Li B-L, Zaccarell N (2013) Informing landscape planning and design for sustaining ecosystem services from existing spatial patterns and knowledge. Landscape Ecol 28:1175–1192
Jongman RHG, Pungetti G (2004) Ecological networks and greenways: concept, design, implementation. United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge, p 153
IX. Kárpát-medencei környezettudományi konferencia (2013) Symposium abstracts, Miskolci Egyetem, Sapientia Erdélyi Magyar Tudományegyetem. Miskolc
Kerényi A (2003) Környezettan. Mezőgazda Kiadó, Budapest, p 470
Kertész Á (2002) Tájökológia. Holnap Kiadó, Budapest, p 166
Kertész Á (2010) Tájökológiai kutatások 2010. IV. Magyar Tájökológiai Konferencia, MTA FKI, Budapest, p 294
Khoroshev AV, Eremeeva AP, Merekalova K A (2013) Evaluation of intercomponents linkages in the steppe and taiga landscapes with account for modifiable areal unit. Proc of Russ Geogr Soc 145(3):32–42 (in Russian)
Kienast F, Wildi O, Ghosh S (eds) (2007) A changing world. Challenges for landscape research. Landscape series, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 753–754
Kistowski (1998) Relations between the structure of landscape and its potential at the territory of last glaciation in Poland. In: The problems of landscape ecology, vol III, Warsaw, pp 179–188
Kolejka M et al (2011) Kra**a Česka a Slovenska v současném výzkumu. Masarykova univerzita, Pedagogicka fakulta, Brno
Konkoly-Gyuró E, Tirási Á, Wrbka T, Prinz M, Renetzeder C (2010) Der Charakter grenzüberschreitender Landschaften. Das Fertő/Neusiedlersee-Hanság-Becken und die Region Sopron. Verlag Universität Westungarn. Lőverprint, Sopron, p 43
Kozová M, Hrnčiarová T, Drdoš et al (2007) Landscape ecology in Slovakia. Development, current state, and perspectives. Contribution of the slovak landscape ecologists to the IALE world congress 2007 and to the 25th anniversary of IALE. Bratislava: Ministry of the environment of the Slovak Republic, Slovak association for landscape ecology—IALE-SK, 2007, CD ROM, p 541
Krcho J (1968) Prírodná časť geosféry ako kybernetický systém a jeho vyjadrenia v mape. Bratislava, Geografický časopis, 20(2):115–130
Krcho J (1974) Štruktúra a priestorová diferenciácia fyzicko -geografickej sféry ako kybernetického systému. Bratislava, Geografický časopis 26(2):132–162
Krcho J (1978) The spatial organisation of the physical-geographical sphere as a cybernetic system expressed by means of measure as entropy. In: Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitas Comenianae, Geographica, vol 16. pp 57–147
Krcho J (1991) Georelief as a subsystem of landscape and the influence of morphometric parameters of georelief on spatial diferentation of landscape-ecological processes. Ecology (CSFR), Bratislava 10(2):115–158
Landscape Ecology (2015) Symposium abstracts. In:17th International symposium. ILE SAS, Bratislava
Landscape Ecology: From Theory to Practice (2012) In: Proceedings of the 16th international symposium on problems of landscape ecological research. ILE SAS, Bratislava
Leser H (1991) Landschaftsökologie: Ansatz, Modelle, Methodik, Anwendung. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, p 647
Leser H (1997) Landschaftsökologie. Ulmer, Stuttgart
Longatti P, Dalang T (2007) The meaning of “Landscape”—an exegesis of Swiss Government texts. In: Kienast F, Wildi O, Ghosh S (eds) A changing world. Challenges for landscape research. Landscape series, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 47–62
Łowicki D, Mizgajski A (2013) Typology of physical-geographical regions in Poland in line with land-cover structure and its changes in the years 1990–2006. W: Geographia Polonica, Warszawa, 86(3):255–266
Mander Ü, Müller F, Wrbka T (2005) Functional and structural landscape indicators: upscaling and downscaling problems. Ecol Ind 5(4):267–272
McGarigal K (2002) Landscape pattern metrics. In: El-Shaarawi AH, Piegorsch WW (eds) Encyclopedia of environmetrics, Chichester, vol 2. Wiley, England, pp 1135–1142
Mezősi G, Fejes Cs (2004) Landscape metrics (in Hungarian), In: Táj és Környezet, MTA FKI, Budapest, Hungary, pp 229–242
Mičian Ľ (1982) A system approach to landscape and the sciences realizing it with a special to the system of geographical scienecs. In: VIth International symposium on problems of landscape ecological research, Piešťany, Institute of Experimental Biology and Ecology SAS, Bratislava, Oct 1982
Miklós L (1988) Space and position—scene of the origin of spatial ecological landscape problems. Ekológia (ČSSR) 7:381–395
Miklós L, Hrnčiarová T et al (eds) (2002) Atlas kra**y Slovenskej republiky. 1. vydanie, MŽP SR Bratislava, SAŽP Banská Bystrica, p 344
Miklós L, Izakovičová Z (1997) Kra**a ako geosystém. VEDA, SAV, Bratislava, p 152
Miklós L, Špinerová A (2011) Kra**no-ekologické plánovanie LANDEP. VKÚ, Harmanec, p 159
Miklós L, Diviaková A, Izakovičová Z (2011a) Ekologické siete a územný systém ekologickej stability. Vydavateľstvo TU vo Zvolene, p 141
Miklós L, Ivanič B, Kočický D (2011b) Kra**noekologická základňa integrovaného manažmentu povodia Ipľa. Digitálna databáza a tematické mapové vrstvy. Projekt HUSK 0801/2.1.2/0162 Vytvorenie jednotného monitoringu na báze priestorového informačného systému v povodí Ipľa. Banská Štiavnica, Esprit, spol. s r. o. (elektronický zdroj)
Miklós L, Izakovičová Z, Kanka R, Ivanič B, Kočický D, Špinerová A, David S, Piscová V, Štefunková D, Oszlányi J, Ábrahámová A (2011c) Geografický informačný systém povodia Ipľa: Katalóg GIS a výber máp. Bratislava: Ústav kra**nej ekológie SAV: Katedra UNESCO, Fakulta ekológie a environmentalistiky, Technická univerzita Zvolen, Esprit Banská Štiavnica, p 143
Miklós L, Németh R, Verrasztó Z (2014) Application of GIS in studying the drainage basin of the Ipoly River. Scientific Annals of the Danube Delta Institute, Tulcea, Romania, 20:109–128
Mizgajski A, Markuszewska I (eds) (2010) Implementation of landscape ecological knowledge in practice. The problems of landscape ecology. Volume XXVIII. Polish Association for Landscape Ecology, Wydawnictvo Naukowe Adam Miczkiewicz University, Poznań
Mizgajski A, Stępniewska M (2012) Ecosystem services assessment for Poland—challenges and possible solutions. Ekonomia i Środowisko, Białystok 2(42):54–73
Mosimann T (1984) Methodische Grundprinzipien für die Untersuchung von Geoökosystemen in der topologischen Dimension. In: Geomethodica, Veröff. 9. Basler Geometh. Coll., Bd. 9:31–65
Mosimann T (1990) Ökotope als elementare Prozesseinheiten der Landschaft (Konzept zur prozessorientierten Klassifikation von Geosystem). Geosynthesis, 1, Geographisches Institut der Universität Hanover, p 56
Nassauer JI (ed) (1997) Placing nature: culture and landscape ecology. Island Press, Washington, D.C
Naveh Z (1990) Landscape ecology as a bridge between bioecology and human ecology. In: Svobodova H (ed) Cultural aspects of landscape. Pudoc Wageningen, p 173
Naveh Z, Lieberman AS (1984) Landscape ecology—theory and application. Springer, New York, p 356
Naveh Z, Lieberman AS (1993) Landscape ecology—theory and application, 2nd edn. Springer-Verlag, New York
Naveh Z, Lieberman AS (1994) Landscape ecology: theory and application. Springer, New York
Neef E (1963) Topologische und chorologische Arbeitsweisen in der Landschaftsforschung. PGM 107(4):249–259
Neef E (1967) Die theoretischen Grundlagen der Landschaftslehre. H. Haack, Gotha, Leipzig
Neef E, Richter H, Barsch H, Haase G (1973) Beitrage zur Klarung der Terminologie in der Landschaftsforschung Geographisches Institut der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Leipzig, p 28
Odum EP (1975) Ecology: the link between the natural and the social sciences, 2nd edn. Holt Rinehart and Winston, London, New York, Sidney, Toronto
Oťaheľ J (2004) Landscape and landscape research in Slovakia. Belgeo - Revue belge de géographie 2–3. Landscape research in Europe
Oťaheľ J, Feranec J, Cebecauer T, Pravda J, Husár K (2004) Kra**ná štruktúra okresu Skalica: hodnotenie zmien, diverzity a stability. Geographia Slovaca, 19, p 123
Pedroli B (ed) (2000) Landscape our home (Lebensraum Landschaft). Indigo, Zeist Stuttgart
Preobrazhensky VS (1983) System orientation of landscape research in geography and its present-day realization. In: Drdoš J (ed) Landscape synthesis. Geoecological foundations of the complex landscape management. VEDA, Bratislava, pp 31–36
Preobrazhensky VS, Minc AA (1973) Sootnoshenye ponyaty geosystema a ekosystema. In: Práce a materiály z biológie kra**y 20. Proceedings of 3rd international symposium on the landscape ecological research. ÚBK SAV, Bratislava
Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium on the Landscape Ecological Research (1973) Práce a materiály z biológie kra**y 20, ÚBK SAV, Bratislava
Proceedings of 4th Congress of the Czechoslovak Geographers (1978) Geographical institute of the SAS, Bratislava
Proceedings of 4th International Symposium on the Landscape Ecological Research (1976) Institute of experimental biology and ecology SAS, Bratislava
Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on the Landscape Ecological Research (1979) Institute of experimental biology and ecology SAS, Bratislava
Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Problems of Landscape Ecological Research (1982) Institute of experimental biology and ecology SAS, Bratislava
Puzachenko JG (2006) Landscape planning: general fundamentals, methodology, technology. Moscow, pp 4–80 (in Russian)
Renetzeder C, Wrbka T, Mücher S, Eupen MV, Kiers M (2010) Landscape structure analysis in selected european regions and its use for sustainability impact assessment. In: Andel J, Bicik I, Dostal P, Lipsky Z, Shahneshin SG (eds) Landscape modelling. Geographical space, transformation and future scenarios, Urban and landscape perspectives, vol 8, p 236
Richling A, Solon J (1993) Ekologia krajobrazu. Wydaznictvo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa, p 225
Richling A, Solon J (1996) Landscape ecology. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa, p 464 (in Polish)
Risser PG, Karr JR, Forman RTT (1984) Landscape ecology: directions and approaches. Illinois Natural History Survey. Special Publ. 2, Champaign
Ružička M (2000) Kra**noekologické plánovanie - LANDEP. (Systémový prístup v kra**nej ekológii). Združenie BIOSFÉRA. Bratislava
Ružička M, Miklós L (1982) Landscape ecological planning (LANDEP) in the process of territorial planning. Ekologia (CSSR) 1(3):297–312
Ružička M et al (1978) Kra**né zložky, prvky a štruktúra v biologickom plánovaní kra**y. Quasestiones geobiologicae 23:7–63
Ružičková H, Ružička M (1973) Druhotná štruktúra kra**y ako kritérium biologickej rovno¬váhy. Quaestiones geobiologicae 12:23–62
Schilleci F, Todaro V, Lotta F (2017) Connected lands: new perspectives on ecological networks planning. Springer, p 85
Schmithüsen J (1968) Was ist eine Landschaft?. Universität d. Saarlandes, Saarbrücken
Schmithüsen J (1974) Landschaft und Vegetation. Geograph. Inst. d. Univ. d. Saarlandes, Saarbrücken
Schmithüsen J (1976) Allgemeine Geosynergetik. Grundlagen der Landschaftskunde. de Gruyter, New York, Berlin
Schreiber KF (1980) Brachflachen in der Kulturlandschaft. Daten und Dokumente zum Umweltschutz, Sonderreihe Umwelttaguug ‘Okologische Probleme in Agrarlandschaften’, Univ. Hohenheim 30:61–93
Schreiber K F (1985) Was leistet die Landschaftsäkologie für eine àkologische Planung? Schriften reihe für Orts-, Regional-und Landesplanung 34. Zürich, Switzerland, pp 7–28
Snacken F, Antrop M (1983) Structure and dynamics of landscape systems. In: Drdoš J (ed) Landscape synthesis: geoecological foundations of the complex landscape management. VEDA, Bratislava, pp 10–30
Snytko VA (1983) Substance dynamics in geosystems GeoJournal 7(2):135–138
Snytko V, Semenov YM (2008) The study of geosystem structure, development and functioning in Siberia. The V. B. Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch of RAS Irkutsk
Sochava VB (1977) Landscapes of Southeastern Siberia (1:1 500000 map). Russia, Moscow
Sochava VB (1978) Vvedenie v učenije o geosistemach (An Introduction to the Science of Geosystems in Russian). Nauka, Novosibirsk, p 319
Špinerová A (2015) Štruktúra kra**y ako regulátor dynamiky pohybu vody a materiálu. Technická univerzita Zvolen, p 132
Špulerová J, Dobrovodská M et al. (2011) Stratégia ochrany a manažmentu historických štruktúr poľnohospodárskej kra**y v modelovom území Liptovská Teplička. Bratislava: Ústav kra**nej ekológie SAV, p 152
Stanová V, Valachovič M et al (eds) (2002) Katalóg biotopov slovenska. Bratislava: DAPHNE – Inštitút aplikovanej ekológie, p 225
Šteffek J, Gallay I, Gallayová Z, Kunca V, Lepeška T, Olah B, Škvareninová J, Ujházy K, Ujháziová M, Wiezik M, Križanová Z (2008) Kra**noekologický výskum: teória, metódy a prax. Zvolen: FEE TU, p 222
Štefunková D et al (2011) Vybrané výsledky výskumu starej vinohradníckej kra**y Svätého Jura. In Ekologické štúdie: Vedecký časopis venovaný aktuálnym problémom ekológie, kra**nej ekológie a príbuzných vedných disciplín 2(1–2):126–131, ISSN 1338-2853
Štefunková D, Hanušin J (2015) Analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of selected landscape diversity indexes in detailed scale (Example of Viticultural Landscape Svätý Jur). In: Halada Ľ, Bača A, Boltižiar M (eds) Landscape and landscape ecology. Proceedings of the 17th international symposium on landscape ecology. Institute of landscape ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, pp 185–191
Szabó M (2007) Tájszerkezeti változások a Felső-Szigetközben az elmúlt 20 évben. Földrajzi Közlemények. CXXXI. (LV). 1(2):55–74
Szabó M (2008) A bioszféra sokfélesége—az élővilág változatossága és veszélyeztetettsége. Földrajzi Közlemények. 132(4):441–449
Szabó Sz, Csorba P, Varga K (2008) Landscape indices and landuse—tools for landscape managment. In: Plit J, Andreychouk V (eds) Methods of landscape research, Dissertations Commission of Cultural Landscape, Sosnowiec, Poland, 8:7–20, ISSN 1896-1460
Szádeczky-Kardoss E (1989) A jelenségek univerzális kapcsolódása (Akadémiai Kiadó Bp., pp 1–292)
Tansley AG (1935) The use and abuse of vegetational terms and concepts. Ecology 16(3):284–307
Tarboton DG (1997) A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models. Water Resour Res 33(2):309–319
Teleki P (1917) A földrajzi gondolat története -MTA székfoglaló, (Kossuth Könyvkiadó. Bp. 1996:1–194
Tjallingii SP, De Veer AA (eds) (1982) Perspectives in landscape ecology. In: Proceedings of the 1st international congress in landscape ecology, Veldhoven, The Netherlands, Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, 6–11 Apr 1981
Tremboš P (1994) Geoekologická syntéza Diviackej pahorkatiny - metodický postup vymedzovania základných kra**ných jednotiek. In: Minár, J. (ed.): Prírodná časť kra**y, jej výskum a návrhy na využitie, /Zborník/, KFGaG PRIF UK, Bratislava, pp 118–120
Tress B, Tress G (2001) Capitalising on multiplicity: a transdisciplinary systems approach to landscape research. Landscape Urban Plann 57(3–4):143–157
Troll C (1939) Luftbildplan und ökologische Bodenforschung (Aerial photography and ecological studies of the earth). Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, Berlin, pp 241–298
Turner M (1990) Spatial and temporal analysis of the landscape patterns. Landscape Ecol 4(1):21–30
Turner M G, Gardner RH (eds) (1991) Quantitative methods in landscape ecology: the analysis and interpretation of landscape heterogeneity. Springer
Vejre H, Brandt J (2004) Contemporary Danish landscape research. Belgeo—Revue belge de géographie 2–3. Landscape research in Europe
Verrasztó Z (1979) Land formation and the geological aspects of environmental protection. In: Symposium Changes of the geological environment under the influence of man’s activity. IAEG National group, Krakow-SandomierzBelchatow-Plock-Warszawa, pp 135–141
Verrasztó Z (2017) Holisztikus környezeti modellezés kartográfiai, GIS és távérzékelési módszerek alkalmazásával. Remote Sens 7(1):490–516
Veteikis D, Kavaliauskas P, Skorupskas R (2015) Assessing the optimality of landscape structure in a landscape plan (a Lithuanian example) In: Halada Ľ, Bača A, Boltižiar M (eds) Landscape and landscape ecology. Proceedings of the 17th international symposium on landscape ecology. Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, pp 348–358
Vidal De La Blache P (1922) Principes de géographie humaine. Armand Colin, Paris
Vološčuk I (2003) Ochrana prírody kra**y. TU vo Zvolene, Zvolen
von Bertalanffy L (1950) An outline of general system theory. Br J Philos Sci 1(2):134–165
von Bertalanffy L (1968) General system theory. Foundations, development and applications. George Brazileer, Penguin Books, New York
Wascher D (ed) (2005) European landscape character areas. Alterra Report, No. 1254, p 160
Wascher D, Jongman R (2000) European landscapes, classification, assessment and conservation. European Environmental Agency, Coppenhagen
Wrbka T (2009) Das Waldviertel - Wildnisreste in historisch gewachsener Kulturlandschaft am Grünen Band Europas. In: Wrbka T, Zmelik K, Grünweis FM (eds) Das Grüne Band Europas - Grenze.Wildnis.Zukunft. Weitra. Bibliothek der Provinz, p 342
Wrbka T, Erb KH, Schulz NB, Peterseil J, Hahn CO, Haberl H (2004) Linking pattern and process in cultural landscapes. an empirical study based on spatially explicit indicators. Land Use Policy 21:289–306
Wrbka T, Stocker-Kiss A, Schmitzberger I, Peterseil J (2005) Network landscapes of Austria—identification and ecological assessment. In: Konkoly Gyuró É (ed) Greenways. Conference presentations on ecological corridors, green corridors, Sopron, Hungary, pp 47–62
Wu J (2013) Key concepts and research topics in landscape ecology revisited: 30 years after the Allerton Park workshop. Landscape Ecol 28:1–11
Wu J, Hobbs R (2002) Key issues and research priorities in landscape ecology: an idiosyncratic synthesis. Landscape Ecol 17:355–365
Žigrai F (1983) Kra**a a jej využívanie. 1. vyd. Brno: UJEP, 1983, p 131
Žigrai F (1995) Integračný význam štúdia využitia zeme v geografii a kra**nej ekológii na príklade modelového územia Lúčky v Liptove. Geografické štúdie, p 4
Žigrai F (2015) Meta-landscape ecology as a new ecological science (selected metascientific aspects). In: Halada Ľ, Bača A, Boltižiar M (eds) Landscape and landscape ecology. Proceedings of the 17th international symposium on landscape ecology. Institute of landscape ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, pp 25–35
Zonneveld JIS (1981) The ecological backdrop of regional geography. In: Tjallingii SP, de Veer AF (eds) Perspective in landscape ecology. Proceedings of the international congress of the Netherlands society of landscape ecology, Veldhoven, PUDOC, Wageningen, pp 67–90
Zonneveld IS (1995) Land ecology: an introduction to landscape ecology as a base for land evaluation. Land management and conservation. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Miklós, L. et al. (2019). Landscape as a Geosystem. In: Landscape as a Geosystem. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94024-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94024-3_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94023-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-94024-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)