Abstract
In this chapter, we will first discuss the motives of both assigned expatriates (AEs) and self-initiated foreign expatriates (SIEs) for international work. Second, the nature of careers and jobs of AEs and SIEs are analysed. Third, we discuss the outcomes of expatriation for different types of expatriates. After that, we will explore the management of such expatriates. Finally, we will draw some conclusions and discuss future research needs.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adler, Nancy. 1979. Women as Androgynous Managers: A Conceptualization of the Potential for American Women in International Management. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 3 (4): 407–436.
Al Ariss, Akram, and Jawad Syed. 2011. Capital Mobilization of Skilled Migrants: A Relational Perspective. British Journal of Management 22 (2): 286–304.
Andresen, Maike, Akram Al Ariss, and Matthias Walther, eds. 2013. Self-Initiated Expatriation. Individual, Organizational, and National Perspectives. London: Routledge.
Andresen, Maike, Franziska Bergdolt, Jil Margenfeld, and Michael Dickmann. 2014. Addressing International Mobility Confusion—Develo** Definitions and Differentiations for Self-Initiated and Assigned Expatriates As Well As Migrants. International Journal of Human Resource Management 25 (16): 2295–2318.
Baker, James, and John Ivancevich. 1971. The Assignment of American Executives Abroad: Systematic, Haphazard, or Chaotic? California Management Review 13 (3): 39–44.
Baruch, Yehuda, Pawan S. Budhwar, and Neresh Khatri. 2007. Brain Drain: Inclination to Stay Abroad After Studies. Journal of World Business 42 (1): 99–112.
Bickers, Robert. 2010. Settlers and Expatriates: Britons Over the Seas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Biemann, Torsten, and Maike Andresen. 2010. Self-Initiated Foreign Expatriates Versus Assigned Expatriates. Two Distinct Types of International Careers? Journal of Managerial Psychology 25 (4): 430–448.
Black, J. Steward, and Hal B. Gregersen. 1991. The Other Half of the Picture: Antecedents of Spouse Cross-Cultural Adjustment. Journal of International Business Studies 22 (3): 461–477.
Borrmann, Werner. 1968. The Problem of Expatriate Personnel and Their Selection in International Enterprises. Management International Review 8 (4/5): 37–48.
Bossard, Annette B., and Richard B. Peterson. 2005. The Repatriate Experience as Seen by American Expatriates. Journal of World Business 40 (1): 9–28.
Boulnois, Luce. 2004. Silk Road: Monks, Warriors and Merchants on the Silk Road. Hong Kong: Odyssey Publications.
Campbell, Robert D. 1969. United States Military Training for Cross-Cultural Interaction. Office of Naval Research, June.
Carpenter, Mason, Gerard Sanders, and Hal Gregersen. 2001. Bundling Human Capital with Organizational Context: The Impact of International Assignment Experience on Multinational Firm Performance and CEO Pay. Academy of Management Journal 44 (3): 493–511.
Cerdin, Jean-Luc. 2013. Motivation of Self-Initiated Expatriates. In Self-Initiated Expatriation: Mastering the Dynamics, ed. Maike Andresen, Akram Al Ariss, and Matthias Walther, 59–74. London: Routledge.
Cerdin, Jean-Luc, and Chris Brewster. 2014. Talent Management and Expatriation: Bridging Two Streams of Research and Practice. Journal of World Business 49 (2): 245–252.
Cerdin, Jean-Luc, and Marie Le Pargneux. 2010. Career Anchors: A Comparison Between Organization-Assigned and Self-Initiated Expatriates. Thunderbird International Business Review 52 (4): 287–299.
Clarke, Lisa, Corbin Akhentoolove, and Betty Jane Punnett. 2017. Expatriates to and from Developed and Develo** Countries. In The Research Handbook of Expatriates, ed. Yvonne McNulty and Jan Selmer, 133–147. London: Edward Elgar.
Cleveland, Harland, Cerard Mangone, and John Adams. 1960. The Overseas Americans. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Coase, R.H. 1937. The Nature of the Firm. Economica 4 (16): 386–405.
Cohen, Erik. 1977. Expatriate Communities. Current Sociology 24 (3): 5–133.
Collins Dictionaries. 2011. Collins English Dictionary. Glasgow, UK: Collins.
Copeland, Lennie, and Lewis Griggs. 1985. Going International: How to Make Friends and Deal Effectively in the Global Marketplace. New York: Random House.
Daily, Catherine, S. Trevis Certo, and Dan R. Dalton. 2000. International Experience in the Executive Suite: The Path to Prosperity. Strategic Management Journal 21 (4): 515–523.
DeFillippi, Robert, and Michael Arthur. 1994. The Boundaryless Career: A Competency-Based Perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior 15 (4): 307–324.
Dickmann, Michael. 2013. Why Do They Come to London? Exploring the Motivations of Expatriates to Work in the British Capital. Journal of Management Development 31 (8): 783–800.
———. 2015. The RES Forum Annual Report: Global Mobility and the Global Talent Management Conundrum. RES Forum, UniGroup Relocation Network and Equus Software, 108 pages, London.
———. 2016. The RES Forum Annual Report 2016: Beyond Uniformity—A World of Opportunity. RES Forum, Harmony Relocation Network and Equus Software, 116 pages, London.
———. 2017. International Human Resource Management. In Contemporary Human Resource Management, Text and Cases, ed. Adrian Wilkinson, Tom Redman, and Tony Dundon, 5th ed., 258–292. London: Prentice Hall.
Dickmann, Michael, and Yehuda Baruch. 2011. Global Careers. London: Routledge.
Dickmann, Michael, and Jean-Luc Cerdin. 2016. Exploring the Development and Transfer of Career Capital in an International Governmental Organization. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. Published online October 5, 2016. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09585192.2016.1239217
Dickmann, Michael, and Noeleen Doherty. 2010. Exploring Organizational and Individual Career Goals, Interactions and Outcomes of Developmental International Assignments. Thunderbird International Review 52 (4): 313–324.
Dickmann, Michael, Vesa Suutari, Chris Brewster, Liisa Mäkelä, Jussi Tanskanen, and Christelle Tornikoski. in press. The Career Competencies of Self-Initiated and Assigned Expatriates: Assessing the Development of Career Capital Over Time. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. Published online May 4. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09585192.2016.1172657
Doherty, Noeleen, and Michael Dickmann. 2012. Measuring the Return on Investment in International Assignments: An Action Research Approach. International Journal of Human Resource Management 23 (16): 3434–3454.
———. 2013. Self-Initiated Expatriation: Drivers, Employment Experience and Career Outcomes. In Self-Initiated Expatriation: Mastering the Dynamics, ed. Maike Andresen, Akram Al Ariss, and Matthias Walther, 122–142. London: Routledge.
Doherty, Noeleen, Michael Dickmann, and Timothy Mills. 2010. Mobility Attitudes and Behaviours Among Young Europeans. Career Development International 15 (4): 378–400.
———. 2011. Exploring the Motives of Company-Backed and Self-Initiated Expatriates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 22 (3): 595–611.
Dorsch, Michael, Vesa Suutari, and Chris Brewster. 2013. Research on Self-Initiated Expatriation: History and Future Directions. In Self-Initiated Expatriation. Individual, Organizational, and National Perspectives, ed. Maike Andresen, Akram Al Ariss, and Matthias Walther, 42–58. London: Routledge.
Dowling, Peter, Marion Festing, and Allen Engle. 2013. International Human Resource Management. 6th ed. London: Cengage Learning.
Dumont, Jean-Christophe, and Georges Lemaitre. 2005. Counting Immigrants and Expatriates in OECD Countries: A New Perspective. Accessed October 3, 2017. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/counting-immigrants-and-expatriates-in-oecd-countries_521408252125
Dunning, John. 1958. American Investment in British Manufacturing Industry. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Earnest, Ernest. 1968. Expatriates and Patriots: American Artists, Scholars and Writers in Europe. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Farh, Crystal, Kathryn Bartol, Debra Shapiro, and Jiseon Shin. 2010. Networking Abroad: A Process Model of How Expatriates form Support Ties to Facilitate Adjustment. Academy of Management Review 35 (3): 434–454.
Fee, Anthony, and Elaine Karsaklian. 2013. Could International Volunteers be Considered Ethical Consumers? A Cross-Discipline Approach to Understanding Motives of Self-Initiated Expatriates. In Talent Management of Self-Initiated Expatriates: A Neglected Source of the Global Talent, ed. Vlad Vaiman and Arno Haslberger, 88–116. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Feldman, Daniel, and David Thomas. 1992. Career Management Issues Facing Expatriates. Journal of International Business Studies 23 (2): 271–293.
Foote, Marion. 1977. Controlling the Cost of International Compensation. Harvard Business Review 55 (6): 123–132.
Gama, Elizabeth, and Paul Pedersen. 1977. Readjustment Problems of Brazilian Returnees from Graduate Studies in the United States. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1 (4): 46–59.
Gonzalez, Richard. 1967. The United States Overseas Executive: His Orientations and Career Patterns. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
Green, Nancy. 2009. Expatriation, Expatriates, and Expats: The American Transformation of a Concept. American Historical Review 114 (2): 307–319.
Hamori, Monika, and Burak Koyuncu. 2011. Career Advancement in Large Organizations in Europe and the United States: Do International Assignments Add Value? International Journal of Human Resource Management 22 (4): 843–862.
Hapgood, David. 1968. Agents of Change: A Close Look at the Peace Corps. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co..
Harris, Hilary, Chris Brewster, and Paul Sparrow. 2003. International Human Resource Management. CIPD Publishing.
Haslberger, Arno, Chris Brewster, and Thomas Hippler. 2013. The Dimensions of Expatriate Adjustment. Human Resource Management 52 (3): 333–351.
Haslberger, Arno, and Vlad Vaiman. 2013. Self-Initiated Expatriates: A Neglected Source of the Global Talent Flow. In Talent Management of Self-initiated Expatriates: A Neglected Source of the Global Talent, ed. Vlad Vaiman and Arno Haslberger, 1–15. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Heenan, D. 1970. The Corporate Expatriate: Assignment to Ambiguity. Columbia Journal of World Business 5 (3): 49–54.
Hippler, Thomas. 2009. Why Do They Go? Empirical Evidence of Employees’ Motives for Seeking or Accepting Relocation. International Journal of Human Resource Management 20 (6): 1381–1401.
Howell, Margaret, and Sidney Newman. 1959. How We Should Train for Overseas Posts. Thunderbird International Business Review 1 (1): 21–22.
Inkson, Kerr, and Michael Arthur. 2001. How to Be a Successful Career Capitalist. Organizational Dynamics 30 (1): 48–61.
Inkson, Kerr, Michael Arthur, Judith Pringle, and Sean Barry. 1997. Expatriate Assignment Versus Overseas Experience: Contrasting Models of International Human Resource Development. Journal of World Business 32 (4): 351–368.
Ivancevich, John, and James Baker. 1970. A Comparative Study of the Satisfaction of Domestic United States Managers and Overseas United States Managers. Academy of Management Journal 13 (1): 69–77.
Jokinen, Tiina, Chris Brewster, and Vesa Suutari. 2008. Career Capital During International Work Experiences: Contrasting Self-Initiated Expatriate Experiences and Assignees Expatriation. International Journal of Human Resource Management 19 (6): 979–998.
Jones, Lyndon. 1975. Training in the Jungle—CALTEX Style. Education + Training 17 (1/2): 45–48.
Kiernan, Paul. 1963. What It Takes to Be a Successful International Manager. Thunderbird International Business Review 5 (4): 1–4.
Kolde, Endel, and Richard Hill. 1967. Conceptual and Normative Aspects of International Management. Academy of Management Journal 10 (2): 119–128.
Kraimer, Maria, Margaret Shaffer, and Mark Bolino. 2009. The Influence of Expatriate and Repatriate Experiences on Career Advancement and Repatriate Retention. Human Resource Management 48 (1): 27–47.
Kraimer, Maria, Margaret Shaffer, David Harrison, and Ren Hong. 2012. No Place Like Home? An Identity Strain Perspective on Repatriate Turnover. Academy of Management Journal 55 (2): 399–420.
Lanier, A.R. 1979. Selecting and Preparing Personnel for Overseas Transfers. Personnel Journal 58 (3): 160–163.
Lee, Chay Hoon. 2005. A Study of Underemployment Among Self-Initiated Expatriates. Journal of World Business 40 (2): 172–187.
Lysgaard, S. 1955. Adjustment in a Foreign Country: Norwegian Fulbright Grantees Visiting the United States. International Social Sciences Bulletin 7: 45–51.
Magnusson, Peter, and David Boggs. 2006. International Experience and CEO Selection: An Empirical Study. Journal of International Management 12 (1): 107–125.
Mäkelä, Kristiina, and Vesa Suutari. 2013. Social Capital of Traditional and Self-Initiated Expatriates. In Talent Management of Self-Initiated Expatriates: A Neglected Source of the Global Talent, ed. Vlad Vaiman and Arno Haslberger, 278–303. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Marrus, Michael. 1985. The Unwanted: European Refugees in the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
McNulty, Yvonne. 2013. Are Self-Initiated Expatriates Born or Made? Exploring the Relationship Between SIE Orientation and Individual ROI. In Talent Management of Self-initiated Expatriates: A Neglected Source of the Global Talent, ed. Vlad Vaiman and Arno Haslberger, 30–58. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
McNulty, Yvonne, and Chris Brewster. 2016. Theorizing the Meaning(s) of ‘Expatriate’: Establishing Boundary Conditions for Business Expatriates. International Journal of Human Resource Management 28 (1): 27–61.
Mendenhall, Mark, Edward Dunbar, and Gary Oddou. 1987. Expatriate Selection, Training and Career-Pathing: A Review and Critique. Human Resource Management 26 (3): 331–345.
Miller, Edwin. 1972. The Selection Decision for an International Assignment: A Study of the Decision Maker’s Behavior. Journal of International Business Studies 3 (2): 49–65.
———. 1973. The International Selection Decision: A Study of Some Dimensions of Managerial Behavior in the Selection Decision Process. Academy of Management Journal 16 (2): 239–252.
———. 1975. The Job Satisfaction of Expatriate American Managers: A Function of Regional Location and Previous International Work Experience. Journal of International Business Studies 6 (2): 65–73.
Miller, Edwin, and Joseph Cheng. 1978. A Closer Look at the Decision to Accept an Overseas Position. Management International Review 18 (3): 25–33.
Mincer, Jacob. 1978. Family Migration Decisions. Journal of Political Economy 86 (5): 749–773.
Misa, K.F., and J.M. Fabricatore. 1979. Return on Investment of Overseas Personnel. Financial Executive 47: 42–46.
Murray, J. 1973. International Personnel Repatriation: Culture Shock in Reverse. MSU Business Topics 21 (3): 59–66.
Negandhi, Anant, and Bernard Estafen. 1965. A Research Model to Determine the Applicability of American Management Know-How in Differing Cultures and/or Environments. Academy of Management Journal 8 (4): 309–318.
Ng, Thomas, Lillian Eby, Kelly Sorensen, and Daniel Feldman. 2005. Predictors of Objective and Subjective Career Success: A Meta-Analysis. Personnel Psychology 58 (2): 367–408.
Oberg, Kalervo. 1960. Cultural Shock: Adjustment to New Cultural Environments. Practical Anthropology 7 (4): 177–182.
Oberholster, Abraham, Ruth Clarke, Mike Bendixen, and Barbara Dastoor. 2013. Expatriate Motivation in Religious and Humanitarian Non-Profit-Organizations. Journal of Global Mobility 1 (1): 7–27.
Oberholster, Braam, and Cheryl Doss. 2017. Missionary (Religious) Expatriates. In The Research Handbook of Expatriates, ed. Yvonne McNulty and Jan Selmer, 316–334. London: Edward Elgar.
Oltram, Victor, Jaime Bonache, and Chris Brewster. 2013. A New Framework for Understanding Inequalities Between Expatriates and host Country Nationals. Journal of Business Ethics 115 (2): 291–310.
Oxford Dictionary of English, 3rd ed. 2015. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Peltokorpi, Vesa. 2008. Cross-Cultural Adjustment of Expatriates in Japan. International Journal of Human Resource Management 19 (9): 1588–1606.
Peterson, Richard, John Sargent, Nancy Napier, and Won S. Shim. 1996. Corporate Expatriate HRM Policies, Internationalization, and Performance in the World’s Largest MNCs. Management International Review 36 (3): 215–230.
Peterson, Richard, and Hermann Schwind. 1977. A Comparative Study of Personnel Problems in International Companies and Joint Ventures in Japan. Journal of International Business Studies 8 (1): 45–55.
Point, Sébastien, and Michael Dickmann. 2012. Branding International Careers: An Analysis of Multinational Corporations’ Official Wording. European Management Journal 30 (1): 18–31.
Ramaswarmi, Aarti, Nancy M. Carter, and George F. Dreher. 2016. Expatriation and Career Success: A Human Capital Perspective. Human Relations 69 (10): 1959–1987.
Reynolds, C. 1972. Career Paths and Compensation in MNCs. Columbia Journal of World Business 7 (6): 77–87.
Richardson, Julia. 2006. Self-Directed Expatriation: Family Matters. Personnel Review 35 (4): 469–486.
Richardson, Julia, and Mary Mallon. 2005. Career Interrupted? The Case of the Self-Directed Expatriate. Journal of World Business 40 (4): 409–420.
Salt, Bernard. 2008. The Global Skills Convergence: Issues and Ideas for the Management of an International Workforce. Switzerland: KPMG.
Schollhammer, H. 1969. Compensation of International Executives. Michigan State University Business Topics 17 (1): 19–30.
Selmer, Jan, and Jakob Lauring. 2010. Self-Initiated Academic Expatriates: Inherent Demographics and Reasons to Expatriate. European Management Review 7 (3): 169–179.
Shaffer, Margaret, Maria L. Kraimer, Yu-** Chen, and Mark C. Bolino. 2012. Choices, Challenges, and Career Consequences of Global Work Experiences: A Review and Future Agenda. Journal of Management 38 (4): 1282–1327.
Stahl, Günter, and Jean-Luc Cerdin. 2004. Global Careers in French and German Multinational Corporations. Journal of Management Development 23 (9): 885–902.
Stahl, Günter, Edwin Miller, and Rosalie Tung. 2002. Toward the Boundaryless Career: A Closer Look at the Expatriate Career Concept and the Perceived Implications of an International Assignment. Journal of World Business 37 (3): 216–227.
Stening, Bruce. 1994. Expatriate Management: Lessons from the British in India. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 5 (2): 385–404.
Suutari, Vesa, and Chris Brewster. 2000. Making Their Own Way: International Experience Through Self-Initiated Foreign Assignments. Journal of World Business 35 (4): 417–436.
Suutari, Vesa, Michael Dickmann, Chris Brewster, and Liisa Mäkela. 2016. Expatriation and the Boundaryless Career—Empirical Evidence. Paper presented at the European Academy of Management Conference, Paris, France, June 1–4.
Suutari, Vesa, Chris Brewster, Michael Dickmann, Liisa Mäkelä, and Christelle Tornikoski. 2018. The Effect of International Work Experience on the Career Success of Expatriates: A Comparison of Assigned and Selfinitiated Expatriates. Human Resource Management 57 (1): 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21827.
Taylor, A.J.W. 1968. The Selection of N.Z. Volunteers for Service Abroad: An Appraisal of the First Five Years. Personnel Psychology 21 (3): 345–357.
Tharenou, Phyllis. 2003. The Initial Development of Receptivity to Working Abroad: Self-Initiated International Work Opportunities in Young Graduate Employees. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 76 (4): 489–515.
Torbiorn, I. 1982. Living Abroad: Personal Adjustment and Personnel Policy in the Overseas Setting. New York, NY: Wiley.
Triandis, H.C. 1963. Factors Affecting Employee Selection in Two Cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology 47 (2): 89–96.
Tung, Rosalie. 1988. Career Issues in International Assignments. Academy of Management Perspectives 2 (3): 241–244.
Vinnicombe, Susan, Elena Doldor, Ruth Sealy, Patricia Pryce, and Caroline Turner. 2015. The Female FTSE Board Report 2015. Cranfield: Cranfield University. Accessed October 3, 2017. https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/som/expertise/changing-world-of-work/gender-and-leadership/female-ftse-index
Walker, Williston, Richard Norris, David Lotz, and Robert Handy. 1985. A History of the Christian Church. 4th ed. New York, NY: Scribner.
Wallace, W.J. 1959. How to Maintain Productive Working Relationships with Overseas Managers. Thunderbird International Business Review 1 (2): 17–18.
Yoshino, M. 1976. Japan’s Multinational Enterprises. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Suutari, V., Brewster, C., Dickmann, M. (2018). Contrasting Assigned Expatriates and Self-Initiated Expatriates: A Review of Extant Research and a Future Research Agenda. In: Dickmann, M., Suutari, V., Wurtz, O. (eds) The Management of Global Careers. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76529-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76529-7_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-76528-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-76529-7
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)