Energy Governance in Croatia

Abstract

This chapter outlines the governance of the energy sector transition in the Republic of Croatia since the 1990s. Material basis (available energy sources and infrastructure), historical context, and various internal and external drivers have been sha** energy policy. In this process, decision-makers, public administration, institutions, experts, market participants, and public opinion have influenced the rules and their application.

Croatia is a net importer of energy and relies dominantly on carbon-based fuels. Import dependency is roughly 50%, and the share of fossil fuels in gross available energy is 70%. Material basis provides favorable conditions for the transition toward a low-carbon energy system. There are traditionally high shares of hydropower (roughly one-fourth of the primary energy production), and there is a significant potential to increase the use of renewables (solar and wind). Natural gas and LNG are available and can serve as bridging fossil fuels during the transition.

Croatia’s national policy documents include EU energy and climate policy goals, but transposition deficiencies are increasing. Weak administrative capacities for energy planning and management, deficiencies in the investment climate, insufficient legal certainty, and corruption slow down the transition of the energy sector.

Thus, these governance patterns are likely to determine the pace and outcomes of energy transition in Croatia.