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Mangrove Forest Restoration and Rehabilitation

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Mangrove Ecosystems: A Global Biogeographic Perspective

Abstract

We analyzed current best practices and recommendations used in the implementation of mangrove rehabilitation and restoration (R/R) projects in the Atlantic-East Pacific (AEP) and the Indo-West Pacific biogeographic regions during the last 20 years. Comprehensive literature and World Wide Web searches were performed identifying 90 sites around the world where R/R actions have been implemented. For each site, we analyzed the sources of damage/impact and classified the origin as natural (siltation, erosion, the direct and indirect effect of tropical storms or tsunamis) or anthropogenic (pollution, land use policies, overharvesting, aquaculture, altered hydrology and hydroperiod). In most cases, the causes of damage were a complex mixture associated to erosion, hydrological impairment, deforestation, siltation, and land conversion for aquaculture and other land uses. The area extension of mangrove sites undergoing restoration or just afforestation ranged from few square meters to several thousand hectares. Numerous projects were implemented without an underlying science-based approach and were often ill-prepared and unsuccessful. Although there is no “one-size-fits-all” solution to restore or rehabilitate mangrove wetlands, published studies (particularly peer reviewed) provide useful insights into designing R/R projects with clearly defined and prioritized management objectives based on a diagnostic of the source of damage/deterioration. A critical step is to develop a decision tree that serves as a guide to optimize the use of available funding in the development, implementation, and monitoring of R/R protocols to set clear objectives, goals and deadlines. These steps should be part of a robust research agenda based on sound ecological theory and reliable monitoring practices, including the participation of local communities. Any monitoring and reporting program should address spatial and temporal replication that explicitly includes reference sites near the target restoration site. The results of each R/R project, whether successful or not, should be published, as they are critical sources of data and information for further development of mangrove R/R practices and methods within the community of restoration ecology science. We urge the continental level implementation of guidelines to advance international initiatives aimed to protect and conserve one the most productive and threatened coastal ecosystems in the world.

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Acknowledgments

JLP was funded by the Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad-CONABIO (project nos. HH05 and MN001). The Louisiana Sea Grant College Program (NOAA) and the CAPES/CNPq Science without Borders Program (grant no. BEX1930/13-3) provided funding for ASR. VHRM was partially funded by The Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research program (grant nos. DBI-0620409 and DEB-1237517), NASA-JPL project “Vulnerability Assessment of Mangrove Forest Regions of the Americas” (LSU Subcontract no. 1452878), and the Department of the Interior South Central Climate Science Center through Cooperative Agreement # G12 AC00002. We thank A. F. Zaragoza-Méndez for help in locating the R/R sites in Google Earth.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Red de Ecología Funcional, Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91070, Mexico

    Jorge López-Portillo

  2. Lewis Environmental Services, Inc., P.O. Box 5430, Salt Springs, FL, 32134-5430, USA

    Roy R. Lewis III

  3. Centre for Coastal Management, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia

    Peter Saenger

  4. Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil

    André Rovai

  5. Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA

    André Rovai & Victor H. Rivera-Monroy

  6. Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB l, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium

    Nico Koedam

  7. Laboratoire d’Écologie des Systèmes et Gestion des Ressources, Département de Biologie des Organismes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles – ULB, Campus de la Plaine, B-1050, Bruxelles, Belgium

    Farid Dahdouh-Guebas

  8. Instituto de Ecología, Pesquerías y Oceanografía del Golfo de México (EPOMEX). Universidad Autónoma de Campeche – UAC, Av. Héroe de Nacozari #480. Campus 6 de Investigaciones, 24029, San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico

    Claudia Agraz-Hernández

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  1. Jorge López-Portillo
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  8. Victor H. Rivera-Monroy
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Correspondence to Jorge López-Portillo .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

    Victor H. Rivera-Monroy

  2. School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia

    Shing Yip Lee

  3. Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

    Erik Kristensen

  4. Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

    Robert R. Twilley

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López-Portillo, J. et al. (2017). Mangrove Forest Restoration and Rehabilitation. In: Rivera-Monroy, V., Lee, S., Kristensen, E., Twilley, R. (eds) Mangrove Ecosystems: A Global Biogeographic Perspective. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62206-4_10

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