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Insects as Beneficials

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Why Every Fly Counts

Part of the book series: Fascinating Life Sciences ((FLS))

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Abstract

The benefits that insects offer to nature and humans are as diverse as they are inestimable. Insects pollinate plants, thus enabling many cycles to take place in our ecosystem in the first place. They are growth accelerators and make an essential contribution to the diversity of species and habitats (the so-called biodiversity). Insects are the main food source for many animals. Especially birds and freshwater fish cannot survive without them. Insects therefore play a key role in numerous food chains. Thus, they also serve as feed for farm animals. For humans, insects produce important foodstuffs and help to improve hygiene. They even support us in the battle against themselves and also promote our economy and our society with numerous services. This chapter elaborates on the benefits the society takes from insects: pollination, plant growth, biodiversity, connection in the food chain, nutrition as food and feed, hygiene, biocide alternatives, and general support of the economy.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN) (2009).

  2. 2.

    Jaksic-Born et al. (2006, p. 36).

  3. 3.

    Jaksic-Born et al. (2006, p. 38).

  4. 4.

    Leins and Erbar (2008).

  5. 5.

    In this book, the Latin names of the arthropods are written in italics in parentheses if they serve as a direct translation of the previously mentioned English designation. If they are written without parentheses, they specify the previously mentioned (super-ordinated in biological systematics) term. Example: The ichneumon wasp Anagyrus lopezi. Ichneumonidae is the name of a family of the Hymenoptera, in which the species Anagyrus lopezi is classified.

  6. 6.

    Klein et al. (2007a).

  7. 7.

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2008).

  8. 8.

    Künast (n.d.).

  9. 9.

    Greenpeace e.V. (2013, p. 3 ff).

  10. 10.

    Klein et al. (2007b).

  11. 11.

    Bawa (1990). And: Kremen et al. (2007a).

  12. 12.

    Williams (1994). And: Aizen et al. (2009a).

  13. 13.

    Roubik (1995). And: Aizen et al. (2009a).

  14. 14.

    39 of the 57 most important forage crops are pollinated by insects. The pollinated plants correspond to 35% of the global food production. However, the plants are not exclusively pollinated by insects, so that the fraction of insects is lower than 35%. Klein et al. (2007c).

  15. 15.

    Lautenbach et al. (2012).

  16. 16.

    Kremen et al. (2007b).

  17. 17.

    Berenbaum (2001, p. 14).

  18. 18.

    Aizen et al. (2009b).

  19. 19.

    Ibidem.

  20. 20.

    Greenpeace e.V. (2013, p. 3 ff).

  21. 21.

    Schulbiologiezentrum des Landkreises Marburg-Biedenkopf (2001, p. 5 ff).

  22. 22.

    Schulbiologiezentrum des Landkreises Marburg-Biedenkopf (2001, p. 15 ff).

  23. 23.

    Beller (2006).

  24. 24.

    Berenbaum (1997, p. 160).

  25. 25.

    Europäische Kommission (2010).

  26. 26.

    Convention on Biological Diversity (2010, p. 24).

  27. 27.

    Convention on Biological Diversity (2010, p. 9).

  28. 28.

    Ibidem.

  29. 29.

    Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (2007).

  30. 30.

    Bundesamt für Naturschutz (2012).

  31. 31.

    Deutsche Bundesregierung (2012).

  32. 32.

    Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005).

  33. 33.

    Townsend et al. (2003).

  34. 34.

    Bosch (2003). And: Bauer et al. (2011).

  35. 35.

    Adult thrushes required approx. 10% of their bodyweight in food per day. This corresponds to approx. seven grams and therefore about 1000 small insects. Melde (1991).

  36. 36.

    Löhrl (1991, p. 99).

  37. 37.

    Löhrl (1991, p. 97).

  38. 38.

    Wimmer and Zahner (2010).

  39. 39.

    Korodi Gal (1975). In: Bauer and Glutz von Blotzheim (2001).

  40. 40.

    Berenbaum (2001, p. 18).

  41. 41.

    Eckmann and Schleuter-Hofmann (2013).

  42. 42.

    Capinera (2010).

  43. 43.

    Losey and Vaughan (2006).

  44. 44.

    Klewen (1991, p. 79 ff).

  45. 45.

    Klewen (1991, p. 124 ff).

  46. 46.

    Grosse (1994, p. 169 ff).

  47. 47.

    Kuzmin (1995).

  48. 48.

    Günther (1990).

  49. 49.

    Grosse (1994, p. 89 ff).

  50. 50.

    Grosse (1994, p. 90).

  51. 51.

    Witte (1997, p. 105 ff).

  52. 52.

    Witte reports that the food demand of a mole can be estimated at 62.6% of its bodyweight. From this, the author calculated that with an average weight between 60 and 150 grams, moles must ingest approx. 50 grams of biomass. Witte (1997, p. 102).

  53. 53.

    Schober (1998, p. 29).

  54. 54.

    Schober (1998, pp. 94 and 67 ff).

  55. 55.

    An overview of the activities is provided by: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 35 ff).

  56. 56.

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 24 ff).

  57. 57.

    A good overview of the excellent nutritional value of insects can be found in: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 162 ff).

  58. 58.

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 68f).

  59. 59.

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 73).

  60. 60.

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 178 ff).

  61. 61.

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 9 ff).

  62. 62.

    Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Deutschlands (2011).

  63. 63.

    Tschirner and Simon (2015).

  64. 64.

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 207 ff).

  65. 65.

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 95).

  66. 66.

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 91).

  67. 67.

    OECD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 194 ff).

  68. 68.

    Maribus et al. (2013).

  69. 69.

    OECD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 194 ff).

  70. 70.

    OECD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 196).

  71. 71.

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 198 ff).

  72. 72.

    Bornemissza (1976). Cited in: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 5).

  73. 73.

    O’Toole (2000, p. 205).

  74. 74.

    Berenbaum (2001, p. 18).

  75. 75.

    Radtke (1999).

  76. 76.

    Berenbaum (1997, p. 379).

  77. 77.

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 203).

  78. 78.

    Berenbaum (2001, p. 20).

  79. 79.

    O’Toole (2000, p. 200).

  80. 80.

    Berenbaum (1997, p. 230).

  81. 81.

    Berenbaum (1997, p. 230 ff).

  82. 82.

    Cerutti (2011, p. 37 ff).

  83. 83.

    Cerutti (2011, p. 70).

  84. 84.

    Berenbaum (1997, p. 232).

  85. 85.

    Jehle et al. (2013, p. 33 ff).

  86. 86.

    Schneller (2009).

  87. 87.

    Al-Kirshi (1998).

  88. 88.

    Bär (2009).

  89. 89.

    Berenbaum (1997, p. 189).

  90. 90.

    Myers et al. (2008).

  91. 91.

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 215).

  92. 92.

    Henneman and Memmott (2001).

  93. 93.

    Peck et al. (2008).

  94. 94.

    Aukema et al. (2011).

  95. 95.

    Tobin et al. (2012).

  96. 96.

    Elkinton and Boettner (2004). Also: Wagner (2012).

  97. 97.

    Story (1984).

  98. 98.

    Pearson et al. (1999).

  99. 99.

    Pearson and Caalawy (2006).

  100. 100.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015).

  101. 101.

    Cerutti (2011, p. 45 f).

  102. 102.

    Peters (2013).

  103. 103.

    The dung beetle Scarabaeus satyrus uses the sun as orientation in the daytime, and the moon at night. Researchers were now able to observe that on moonless nights, the beetles are capable of orientating themselves using the stars in the Milky Way. Source: Dacke et al. (2013).

  104. 104.

    Glowing Plant (2015).

  105. 105.

    There are numerous publications on this topic. A few representatives are mentioned here: Hölldobler and Wilson (2013). And: Wilson (2013). And: Werber (2013).

  106. 106.

    Berenbaum (2001, p. 20).

  107. 107.

    Berenbaum (2001, p. 18).

  108. 108.

    Yong-Woo (1999).

  109. 109.

    Vasisht and Kumar (2004).

  110. 110.

    WHO (2003).

  111. 111.

    WHO (2013).

  112. 112.

    Own calculation based on Vasisht and Kumar, who already indicated a global market volume of 60 billion US dollars in 2004. Vasisht and Kumar (2004). And: WHO (2003).

  113. 113.

    O’Toole (2000, p. 209).

  114. 114.

    Rufli (2002).

  115. 115.

    Berenbaum (1997, p. 179 ff).

  116. 116.

    Verband der deutschen Lack- und Druckfarbenindustrie e.V. (2014).

  117. 117.

    Markus (2014).

  118. 118.

    Ibidem.

  119. 119.

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013, p. 93).

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  1. Teufen, Switzerland

    Hans-Dietrich Reckhaus

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Reckhaus, HD. (2017). Insects as Beneficials. In: Why Every Fly Counts. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58765-3_2

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