Abstract
The chapter describes the various components of the proton treatment delivery techniques. It includes an introduction of the main equipments for a proton treatment systems, e.g., the accelerator, the beam transport system, and the treatment nozzle which modifies the proton beam properties for specific treatment needs. It discusses the characteristics of the two primary dose delivery methods, i.e., passive scattering and pencil beam scanning. A summary for the main imaging guidance techniques and their specific uses is presented. A brief review of the proton therapy systems currently available in the market is included. It also discusses the requirements and techniques for the quality assurance of the proton treatment delivery systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Smith A, Gillin M, Bues M, et al. The M. D. Anderson proton therapy system. Med Phys. 2009;36:4068–83.
Christopher G. Ainsley, James McDonough. Physics considerations in proton therapy. Radiation medicine rounds: proton therapy. C. Thomas and J. Metz (eds). Demos Medical Publishing LLC; New York: 2010.
Akagi T, Higashi A, Tsugami H, et al. Ridge filter design for proton therapy at Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center. Phys Med Biol. 2003;48:N301–12.
Kooy HM, Schaefer M, Rosenthal S, et al. Monitor unit calculations for range-modulated spread-out Bragg peak fields. Phys Med Biol. 2003;48:2797–808.
Gillin MT, Sahoo N, Bues M, et al. Commissioning of the discrete spot scanning proton beam delivery system at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Proton Therapy Center, Houston. Med Phys. 2010;37:154–63.
Lomax AJ. Intensity modulated proton therapy and its sensitivity to treatment uncertainties 2: the potential effects of inter-fraction and inter-field motions. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53:1043–56.
Wang D, Dirksen B, Hyer DE, et al. Impact of spot size on plan quality of spot scanning proton radiosurgery for peripheral brain lesions. Med Phys. 2014;41:121705.
Ainsley CG, Yeager CM. Practical considerations in the calibration of CT scanners for proton therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2014;15:4721.
Hünemohr N, Paganetti H, Greilich S, et al. Tissue decomposition from dual energy CT data for MC based dose calculation in particle therapy. Med Phys. 2014;41:61714.
** power ratio calibration and validation with animal tissues. Med Phys. 2016;43:3756.
Arbor N, Dauvergne D, Dedes G, et al. Monte Carlo comparison of x-ray and proton CT for range calculations of proton therapy beams. Phys Med Biol. 2015;60:7585–99.
España S, Paganetti H. The impact of uncertainties in the CT conversion algorithm when predicting proton beam ranges in patients from dose and PET-activity distributions. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55:7557–71.
Verburg JM, Riley K, Bortfeld T, et al. Energy- and time-resolved detection of prompt gamma-rays for proton range verification. Phys Med Biol. 2013;58:L37–49.
Kang Y, Zhang X, Chang JY, et al. 4D Proton treatment planning strategy for mobile lung tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67:906–14.
Richter D, Saito N, Chaudhri N, et al. Four-dimensional patient dose reconstruction for scanned ion beam therapy of moving liver tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014;89:175–81.
Hong TS, DeLaney TF, Mamon HJ, et al. A prospective feasibility study of respiratory-gated proton beam therapy for liver tumors. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2014;4:316–22.
Li Y, Kardar L, Li X, et al. On the interplay effects with proton scanning beams in stage III lung cancer. Med Phys. 2014;41:21721.
Grassberger C, Dowdell S, Lomax A, et al. Motion interplay as a function of patient parameters and spot size in spot scanning proton therapy for lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol. Phys. 2013;86:380–6.
Dowdell S, Grassberger C, Paganetti H. Four-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations demonstrating how the extent of intensity-modulation impacts motion effects in proton therapy lung treatments. Med Phys. 2013;40:121713.
Zeng C, Plastaras JP, James P, et al. Proton pencil beam scanning for mediastinal lymphoma: treatment planning and robustness assessment. Acta Oncol Stockh Swed. 2016;55(9–10):1132–8.
Zeng C, Plastaras JP, Tochner ZA, et al. Proton pencil beam scanning for mediastinal lymphoma: the impact of interplay between target motion and beam scanning. Phys Med Biol. 2015;60:3013–29.
Rietzel E, Bert C. Respiratory motion management in particle therapy. Med Phys. 2010;37:449–60.
Li H, Zhu XR, Zhang X. Reducing dose uncertainty for spot-scanning proton beam therapy of moving Tumors by optimizing the spot delivery sequence. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015;93:547–56.
Yu J, Zhang X, Liao L, et al. Motion-robust intensity-modulated proton therapy for distal esophageal cancer. Med Phys. 2016;43:1111–8.
Zhu XR, Poenisch F, Song X, et al. Patient-specific quality assurance for prostate cancer patients receiving spot scanning proton therapy using single-field uniform dose. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;81:552–9.
Lin L, Kang M, Solberg TD, et al. Use of a novel two-dimensional ionization chamber array for pencil beam scanning proton therapy beam quality assurance. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2015;16:5323.
Zhu XR, Li Y, Mackin D, et al. Towards effective and efficient patient-specific quality assurance for spot scanning proton therapy. Cancers (Basel). 2015;7:631–47.
Yoon M, Kim J-S, Shin D, et al. Computerized tomography-based quality assurance tool for proton range compensators. Med Phys. 2008;35:3511–7.
Zenklusen SM, Pedroni E, Meer D. A study on repainting strategies for treating moderately moving targets with proton pencil beam scanning at the new Gantry 2 at PSI. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55:5103–21.
Mast ME, Vredeveld EJ, Credoe HM, et al. Whole breast proton irradiation for maximal reduction of heart dose in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;148:33–9.
Shimizu S, Miyamoto N, Matsuura T, et al. A proton beam therapy system dedicated to spot-scanning increases accuracy with moving tumors by real-time imaging and gating and reduces equipment size. PLoS One. 2014;9:e94971.
Veiga C, Janssens G, Teng C-L, et al. First clinical investigation of CBCT and deformable registration for adaptive proton therapy of lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016;95:549–59.
Jones KC, Stappen FV, Bawiec CR, et al. Experimental observation of acoustic emissions generated by a pulsed proton beam from a hospital-based clinical cyclotron. Med Phys. 2015;42:7090–7.
Patch SK, Covo MK, Jackson A, et al. Thermoacoustic range verification using a clinical ultrasound array provides perfectly co-registered overlay of the Bragg peak onto an ultrasound image. Phys Med Biol. 2016;61:5621.
Zhu X, Fakhri GE. Proton therapy verification with PET imaging. Theranostics. 2013;3:731–40.
Bentefour EH, Schnuerer R, Lu H-M. Concept of proton radiography using energy resolved dose measurement. Phys Med Biol. 2016;61:N386.
Ding X, Li X, Zhang JM, et al. Spot-scanning proton arc (SPArc) therapy––the first robust and delivery-efficient spot-scanning arc therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016;96(5):1107–16.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ding, X., Lin, H., Shen, J., Zou, W., Langen, K., Lu, HM. (2018). Proton Treatment Delivery Techniques. In: Lee, N., et al. Target Volume Delineation and Treatment Planning for Particle Therapy. Practical Guides in Radiation Oncology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42478-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42478-1_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42477-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-42478-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)