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Surface Treatments of Titanium with Antibacterial Agents for Implant Applications

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Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Electrochemistry

Part of the book series: Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry ((MAOE,volume 60))

Abstract

It was only in the twentieth century that technology enabled the isolation of metallic titanium from its minerals [1]. Thus, industrial production of titanium began relatively late, in 1946. Due to its low density and high corrosion resistance, titanium became indispensable in the aerospace industry. The use of titanium in biomedical applications dates from 1965. Commercially pure titanium and its alloy Ti–6Al–4V are the most commonly used titanium-based biomaterials, especially in orthopedics. Millions of patients are treated with various joint replacements, many patients also with other types of prostheses, such as tumor prostheses, small joint prostheses, fracture-treatment devices, etc.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Glycocalix—the glycoprotein–polysaccharide covering that surrounds many cells.

  2. 2.

    PI is a membrane-impermeable fluorescent dye that is used to detect permeation of the cell membrane.

  3. 3.

    There are several possibilities to evaluate cell viability and proliferation:

    • MTT reagent [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolim bromide] is usually used to detect cell viability or proliferation of cells in contact with the material surface. MTT reagent reacts directly with mitochondrial to form formazan crystals on metabolically active cells.

    • Alamar blue® assay is designed to measure quantitatively the proliferation of various human and animal cell lines, bacteria, and fungi. It incorporates a fluorometric/colorimetric growth indicator based on detection of metabolic activity. Specifically, the system incorporates an oxidation–reduction indicator that both fluoresces and changes color in response to chemical reduction of growth medium resulting from cell growth.

    • Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) test using an ultrasensitive fluorescent nucleic acid stain for quantitating dsDNA in solution. Detecting and quantitating small amounts of DNA is extremely important in a wide variety of biological applications.

    • Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, which is a marker for tissue damage.

  4. 4.

    The activity and attachment of osteoblast cells can be evaluated by:

    • Cell adhesion analyzed under electron microscope after culturing with osteoblast cell line.

    • Osteoblast activity measured by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. ALP is a hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from many types of molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids. Also, ALP increases if there is active bone formation occurring, as ALP is a by-product of osteoblast activity.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank my colleague Prof. Andrej Cör, MD, PhD, of the Valdoltra Orthopaedic Hospital for critical reading of the manuscript and valuable discussions. A special thanks to my coworkers and students at the Jožef Stefan institute: B. Kapun, U. Tiringer, D. Gustinčič, and G. Šekularac for their technical help and support. Financial support by the Slovenian Research Agency is kindly acknowledged (grant No. P2-0393).

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  1. Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova c. 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Ingrid Milošev

  2. Valdoltra Orthopedic Hospital, Jadranska c. 31, 6280, Ankaran, Slovenia

    Ingrid Milošev

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Correspondence to Ingrid Milošev .

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  1. Elchem Consulting Ltd., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

    Stojan Djokić

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Milošev, I. (2016). Surface Treatments of Titanium with Antibacterial Agents for Implant Applications. In: Djokić, S. (eds) Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Electrochemistry. Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, vol 60. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31849-3_1

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