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Impacts of International Migration on Local Livelihoods

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The Impact of International Migration

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Abstract

Today migration impacts many aspects of human life, but its economic and social impacts are the most considerable in scale as well as in importance. This chapter deals with those important effects of migration that concern most migrants and their families. The first part of this chapter considers the economic impacts of migration, giving an important place to the study of remittances and spending patterns. It explores the role of remittances in a migrants’ wellbeing and their ability to establish a sustainable livelihood. Social impacts, including possible social risks and challenges, are described in the second part of the chapter. The third part deals with the political impacts of international migration. The legal and citizenship issues and other challenges that migrants face, in addition to transnational practices, are considered in this part.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For more information on the impact of the financial crisis on labour migration see OSCE and ACTED (2009).

  2. 2.

    As some migrants worked two jobs or had additional earnings, both average monthly salaries and monthly earnings were calculated separately.

  3. 3.

    These calculations have to be used carefully because the majority of interviewed labour migrants indicated most of their monthly expenses approximately.

  4. 4.

    Deputy chief of the Department of Regulation of Migration Processes in the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Migration of the Kyrgyz Republic, interviewed in Bishkek, July 2011.

  5. 5.

    The first secretary in the Representative Office of the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Migration of the Kyrgyz Republic in Moscow, interviewed in Moscow, 28 September 2011.

  6. 6.

    It should be mentioned that the total amount of transfers for 2010 indicated by some households are approximations.

  7. 7.

    This result does not include the size of spending.

  8. 8.

    Money, or the equivalent livestock and other gifts, which are given to the parents or relatives of the bride by the groom as a ransom for the bride.

  9. 9.

    It also due to the increasing number of female migrants of a fertile age.

  10. 10.

    More information on this issue see Botoeva (2012), Joldoshev (2012) and from news Radio Azattyk (rus.azattyk.org).

  11. 11.

    For comparison, based on expert estimates, the proportion of female labour migrants from Tajikistan ranged from 10 to 17 %, and in Uzbekistan from 11 to 18 % of the overall number of migrants (UNIFEM 2009: 21).

  12. 12.

    Mr. Mambetaliev is chief in Suzak raion’s and Kok-Jangak city Department of the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Migration of the Kyrgyz Republic (interview was held in Suzak, 09 September 2011).

  13. 13.

    The Federal Migration Service of Russia.

  14. 14.

    Registration cost in private agencies is 700 rubles, from which only 118 rubles is paid as a state fee to the Post office of Russia, and the other 582 rubles the private agency takes as fee for the agency service, as this registration is done by intermediaries, so they take for their service another 800−1000 rubles.

  15. 15.

    More information on this issue (legitimate and fake documents) see Reeves (2013a).

  16. 16.

    One US dollar was equivalent to approximately 33 Russian rubles at the end of 2013 (CBR 2013).

  17. 17.

    The Eurasian Customs Union exists between Belorussia, Kazakhstan and Russia.

  18. 18.

    More information on this issue see Reeves (2013b).

  19. 19.

    “Soglashchenie mejdu Kyrgyzskoi Respublikoi i Rossiiskoi Federatsiei ob uproshchennom poryadke priobreteniya grajdanstva grajdanami Kyrgyzskoi Respubliki, pribyvayushchimi dlya postoyannogo projivaniya v Rossiiskuyu Federatsiyu, grajdanami Rossiiskoi Federatsii, pribyvayushchimi dlya postoyannogo projivaniya v Kyrgyzskuyu Respubliku, i vykhoda iz prejnego grajdanstva, podpisano 28 marta 1996 goda. Ratifitsirovano Zakonom KR ot 24 maya 1997 goda N 33.” (MLEM 2011a: 6)

  20. 20.

    Decree No 683 from 15th of November 2006:“Ob ustanovlenii na 2007 god dopustimoi doli inostrannykh rabotnikov, ispol’zuemykh khozyaistvuyushchimi sub”ektami, osushchestvlyayushchimi deyatel’nost’ v sfere roznichnoi torgovli na territorii Rossiiskoi Federatsii.” (UFMSRRM 2014).

  21. 21.

    This study on “The Emergence of a Transnational Social Formation and the Mirage of Return Migration Among Dominican Transmigrants” based on survey among Dominican migrants and returned migrants carried out in USA and in the Dominican Republic between 1991 and 1993, 1995 and 1997 (See Guarnizo 1997).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Development Studies (ZELF), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Lira Sagynbekova

  2. Mountain Societies Research Institute (MSRI), University of Central Asia, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

    Lira Sagynbekova

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Sagynbekova, L. (2016). Impacts of International Migration on Local Livelihoods. In: The Impact of International Migration. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26991-7_7

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