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Migration as a Process and Contemporary Trends in International Migration in Kyrgyzstan

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The Impact of International Migration

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Abstract

Migration as a process is characterised by its historical and contemporary dimensions. Different changes occur in migration processes over different time frames, and naturally one change begets another or impacts on the process itself. In this chapter I will consider migration as a process within historical and contemporary contexts. The first part of this chapter describes migration processes during Soviet times. Planned and forcible migration during the Soviet era significantly influenced people’s lives and brought important demographic, socio-economic and cultural changes to many parts of the Soviet Union, and particularly Kyrgyzstan. Therefore, the consideration of migration patterns of that time, and related changes, is important in order to understand better the contemporary migration process. The second part of this chapter provides a broad overview of migration processes in Kyrgyzstan after sovereignty. In contrast to Soviet times, contemporary migration and livelihood patterns in Kyrgyzstan and in other post-Soviet countries exhibit completely different characteristics. For instance, internal migration which used to occur between Soviet republics has changed to the international stage, and people have started to sustain their livelihoods under the new economic conditions or conditions of the market economy. In this regard, the second part of the chapter considers new forms and trends in international migration in relation to political and socio-economic transformations after 1991.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Otchet o deyatel’nosti Djetysuiskogo sobraniya za 1921–1922 khozyaistvennye gody (1923: 27–28).

  2. 2.

    The Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was formed on 14 October 1924 and on 25 May 1925 renamed to the Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast (Abazov 2004:158).

  3. 3.

    This report covers 37 regions and all the urban settlements of the Kyrgyz SSR except the city Maili-Sai, the settlements of urban type Kyzyl-Jar, Kadji-Sai, Min-Kush and Kosh-Tegermen.

  4. 4.

    “FIDH interview with Aigul Ryskulova, Head of the State Committee on Migration and Employment, 19 June 2009” (FIDH 2009: 29).

  5. 5.

    IS “PARAGRAF”: Gosudarstvennaya programma Kyrgyzskoi Respubliki po regulirovaniyu migratsionnykh protsessov na 2007–2010 gody (http://online.adviser.kg/Document/?doc_id=30335739) accessed 29.08.2013.

  6. 6.

    “Economically active population related to the population supplying the labour force for the production of goods and services. Economically active population includes employed and unemployed population” (NSC KR 2010c:7).

  7. 7.

    Author’s calculation based on NSC KR (2009, 2010a).

  8. 8.

    Representative office of the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Migration of the Kyrgyz Republic in Russia (2011a): Trudovye migranty Kyrgyzstana, obtained by author in September 2011, Moscow.

  9. 9.

    According to the World Bank classification Kyrgyzstan belongs to the group of low income countries (see World Bank list of economies (July 2013) on: (https://muse.jhu.edu/about/order/wdi2013.pdf); see also Ratha et al. 2011).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Development Studies (ZELF), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Lira Sagynbekova

  2. Mountain Societies Research Institute (MSRI), University of Central Asia, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

    Lira Sagynbekova

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Sagynbekova, L. (2016). Migration as a Process and Contemporary Trends in International Migration in Kyrgyzstan. In: The Impact of International Migration. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26991-7_4

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