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Irritant and Toxic Respiratory Injuries

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Critical Care Toxicology

Abstract

Toxic and irritating gases have been known to produce fatalities since the Athenians used a combination of pitch and sulfur to produce toxic fumes in a war against the Spartans in 428 BC. More sophisticated irritant agents were introduced during World War I, when mustard gas, chlorine, and phosgene were the primary agents of chemical warfare. These gases produced many incapacitating casualties but relatively few fatalities compared with conventional weapons. The use of mustard gas was reported in the 1988 war between Iraq and Iran, and more recently gas warfare was reported between Iraq and the Kurds.

Much of the material in this chapter derives from the chapter by Dorsett D. Smith in the first edition of this book.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Toxicology, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA

    Joseph K. Maddry

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  1. Joseph K. Maddry
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Correspondence to Joseph K. Maddry .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Toxicology Associates, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Jeffrey Brent

  2. Office of New Drugs Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

    Keith Burkhart

  3. Clinical Toxicology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom

    Paul Dargan

  4. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Toxicology Associates, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Benjamin Hatten

  5. Med & Toxicological Intensive Care Unit, Lariboisière Hospital Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France

    Bruno Megarbane

  6. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Toxicology Associates, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Robert Palmer

Grading System for Levels of Evidence Supporting Recommendations in Critical Care Toxicology, 2nd Edition

  1. I

    Evidence obtained from at least one properly randomized controlled trial

  2. II-1

    Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization

  3. II-2

    Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies, preferably from more than one center or research group

  4. II-3

    Evidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the intervention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments (such as the results of the introduction of penicillin treatment in the 1940s) could also be regarded as this type of evidence

  5. III

    Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies and case reports, or reports of expert committees

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Maddry, J.K. (2015). Irritant and Toxic Respiratory Injuries. In: Brent, J., Burkhart, K., Dargan, P., Hatten, B., Megarbane, B., Palmer, R. (eds) Critical Care Toxicology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_123-1

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  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-20790-2

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