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Cathinones

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Critical Care Toxicology

Abstract

There has been a significant change in the recreational drugs used throughout the world in the last 5–10 years, with increasing availability and use of a wide range of different new psychoactive substances (NPS, sometimes known as “legal highs”) [1, 2]. A popular emerging class of NPS is the synthetic cathinones. In 2013, there were approximately 35,000 drug seizures of NPS reported to the European Union Early Warning System (EU EWS), of which the most common substance category was cathinones (31%). In 2014, the EU EWS was notified of 101 previously unreported NPS (an increase of 25% from 2013), the largest category of these was cathinones (n = 31, 30.7%) [3]. Globally, cathinones was the third largest group of NPS to be reported by substance group (15%) in the same year [4]. Initially the cathinones, particularly mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone), were sold undisguised by their chemical names, but they are also, like many other NPS, sold over the Internet and in “head shops” as “research chemicals,” “bath salts,” or “plant food,” often with a warning “not for human consumption” or “not tested for hazards” [3]. This marketing is an attempt to circumvent existing local, national, or international medicinal and/or drug laws [1].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clinical Toxicology and Emergency Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s Health Partners, London, UK

    Rachelle Abouchedid

  2. Clinical Toxicology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s Health Partners, London, UK

    David M. Wood

  3. Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK

    David M. Wood

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  1. Rachelle Abouchedid
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Correspondence to Rachelle Abouchedid or David M. Wood .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

    Jeffrey Brent

  2. FDA, Office of New Drugs/Immediate Office, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

    Keith Burkhart

  3. Clinical Toxicology, St Thomas’ Hospital, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

    Paul Dargan

  4. Toxicology Associates, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Benjamin Hatten

  5. Medical Toxicological Intensive Care Unit, Lariboisiere Hospital, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France

    Bruno Megarbane

  6. Toxicology Associates, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Robert Palmer

  7. Toxinology Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Julian White

Grading System for Levels of Evidence Supporting Recommendations in Critical Care Toxicology, 2nd Edition

  1. I

    Evidence obtained from at least one properly randomized controlled trial.

  2. II-1

    Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization.

  3. II-2

    Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies, preferably from more than one center or research group.

  4. II-3

    Evidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the intervention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments (such as the results of the introduction of penicillin treatment in the 1940s) could also be regarded as this type of evidence.

  5. III

    Opinions of respected authorities based on clinical experience, descriptive studies and case reports, or reports of expert committees.

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Abouchedid, R., Wood, D.M. (2017). Cathinones. In: Brent, J., et al. Critical Care Toxicology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17900-1_3

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