Abstract
For many years, concern about the environmental and social consequences of global production and trade was not very high on the public agenda. The collapse of once abundant natural resources, such as the Grand Bank cod fishery in 1992, the disaster at Rhana Plaza in April 2013 that led to the deaths of more than one thousand workers in the garment industry, and many other examples have increased awareness among consumers and industry. They have realised that global production and trade have unintended environmental and social effects that need to be controlled. Sustainability standards are broadly accepted as an instrument to mitigate or avoid these effects. The compliance with certain standards has become, in many sectors, a de facto ‘licence to operate’. Thus, it is not a surprise that environmental and social standards ‘pop up’ all over the world and in nearly every sector: as of October 2019, the Ecolabel Index lists 463 ecolabels in 25 industry sectors, around two thirds of which emerged in the last decade (Poynton 2015). They are set by different organisations, build on different system architectures, and often reflect individual histories. On the demand side, the need for transparent and secure value chains has become so high that a completely new business segment has developed: the offer for certification, auditing, and consultancy services around standard implementation has developed into a highly competitive and steadily growing market.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
http://www.ecolabelindex.com/, last accessed 31 October 2019.
- 2.
For info on Business Social Compliance Initiative (BSCI) see http://www.amfori.org/content/amfori-bsci/, last accessed 31 October 2019.
- 3.
This was the outcome of a qualitative market research among consumers that was conducted on behalf of GIZ.
- 4.
https://sustainabilitymap.org/standards, last accessed 31 October 2019.
- 5.
Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (ILO Convention No 182), entered into force in November 2000; 2133 UNTS 161; reprinted in 38 ILM 1207 (1999); also available online at http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C182, last accessed 31 October 2019.
- 6.
https://www.isealalliance.org/credible-sustainability-standards/iseal-credibility-principles, last accessed 31 October 2019.
- 7.
A factsheet about WWF’s CAT can be found at http://wwf.panda.org/?228430/WWF-Certification-Assessment-Tool-CAT/, last accessed 31 October 2019.
- 8.
http://sustainability-compass.com, last accessed 31 October 2019.
- 9.
www.textilbuendnis.com/en, last accessed 31 October 2019.
- 10.
Cradle to Cradle: http://www.epea.com, last accessed 31 October 2019.
- 11.
Hereinafter the FAO Guidelines for the Ecolabelling of Fish and Fishery Products from Marine Capture Fisheries (FAO 2009), Guidelines for the Ecolabelling of Fish and Fishery Products from Inland Capture Fisheries (FAO 2011a), and the Technical Guidelines on Aquaculture Certification (FAO 2011b) are referred to as FAO Guidelines.
- 12.
Key stakeholders include: harvesters and producers of seafood, processers and manufacturers of seafood, retail and food service companies, NGOs, academics and international organisations (see GSSI 2016, p. 10).
References
BMWI – Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (2016) Innovation Policy. https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/EN/Dossier/innovation-policy.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1995) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF). FAO, Rome
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2009) Guidelines for Ecolabelling of Fish and Fishery Products from Marine Capture Fisheries, Revision 1. FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1119t/i1119t.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011a) Guidelines for Ecolabelling of Fish and Fishery Products from Inland Capture Fisheries. FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/ba0001t/ba0001t00.htm. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011b) Technical Guidelines on Aquaculture Certification. FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i2296t.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2016) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
GFSI – Global Food Safety Initiative (2015) GFSI Guidance Document, Sixth Edition, Version 6.4, November 2015. GFSI, Issy-les-Moulineaux. https://www.cgcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/GFSI_Guidance_Document_2015.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
GSSI – Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative (2015) GSSI Global Benchmark Tool, Version 1.0, October 2015. https://www.ourgssi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/GSSI-Global-Benchmark-Tool-V.1-October-2015.pdf. Accessed 31 Aug 2019
GSSI – Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative (2016) GSSI Charter, Version 2, April 2016. http://ourgssi.org/assets/RESOURCES/GSSI-Charter-April-2016.pdf. Accessed 31 Aug 2019
GSSI – Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative (2019) GSSI Recognized Certification Schemes. http://ourgssi.org/benchmarking/recognized-schemes/. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
IRFF – Iceland Responsible Fisheries Foundation (2015) IRFF Technical Committee (TC) revision of IRFM standard. Work Plan 2015/2016 (Revision 1). https://www.responsiblefisheries.is/files/tc-work-plan-standard-rev-1.1.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
James Sullivan Consulting (2012) Smart Fishing Initiative: Comparison of Wild-Capture Fisheries Certification Schemes. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Gland. http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_report_comparison_wild_capture_fisheries_schemes.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2009) Round Table on Eco-Labelling and Certification in the Fisheries Sector, 22–23 April 2009, The Hague, The Netherlands: Proceedings. http://www.oecd.org/tad/fisheries/43356890.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2018) Public procurement. http://www.oecd.org/gov/public-procurement/. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
Potts J, Wilkings A, Lynch M, McFatridge S (2016) State of Sustainability Initiatives Review: Standards and the Blue Economy. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Winnipeg, MB. http://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/publications/ssi-blue-economy-2016.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
Poynton S (2015) Beyond Certification. Dō Sustainability, Oxford. http://www.scottpoynton.com/beyond-certification. Accessed 30 Aug 2019
Ragoussis A (2016) Government Agoraphobia: Home Bias in Develo** Country Procurement Markets. Discussion Paper 5/2016. Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, Bonn. https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/DP__5.2016.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
Schmieg E (2014) The role of voluntary standards in German Development Policy. In: Schmitz-Hoffmann C, Schmidt M, Hansmann B, Palekhov D (eds) Voluntary standard systems: a contribution to sustainable development. Natural Resource Management in Transition, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 115–132
Schrader U, Liedtke C, Lamla J, Arens‐Azevêdo U, Hagen K, Jaquemoth M, Kenning P, Schmidt‐Kessel M, Strünck C (2013) Verbraucherpolitik für nachhaltigen Konsum – Verbraucherpolitische Perspektiven für eine nachhaltige Transformation von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Stellungnahme des wissenschaftlichen Beirats Verbraucher‐ und Ernährungspolitik beim BMELV. Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz, Berlin
Thoeresen V, Didham RJ, Martinez-Roca C, Mimica LF, Rutivi C, Kalkan S, Pierre F, Abbas K, Cruypenninck H (2015) Pathways to Sustainable Lifestyles: Global Stocktaking Report, Published Draft. The 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (10YFP), United Nations Environment Programme. http://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/sites/default/files/draft_pathways_to_sustainable_lifestyles_-_global_stocktaking_report.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
VZBV – Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverwand (2016) Infografik: nachhaltig produzierte Lebensmittel. Repräsentative Umfrage von TNS Emnid im Auftrag des VZBV, Januar 2016. https://www.vzbv.de/infografik/infografik-nachhaltig-produzierte-lebensmittel. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
Washington S, Abbabouch L (2011) Private standards and certification in fisheries and aquaculture: current practice and emerging issues. Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 553. FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1948e/i1948e.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2019
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sorg, F., Kahle, J., Wehner, N., Mangold, M., Peters, S. (2019). Clarity in Diversity: How the Sustainability Standards Comparison Tool and the Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative Provide Orientation. In: Schmidt, M., Giovannucci, D., Palekhov, D., Hansmann, B. (eds) Sustainable Global Value Chains. Natural Resource Management in Transition, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14877-9_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14877-9_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-14876-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-14877-9
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)